Learning Target: I will be able to trace the history of England’s early colonial settlements.

 What single cause was responsible for the death of so many Jamestown settlers in the early years?  A. Hazardous weather conditions  B. Attacks by Indians  C. Crop devastation  D. Homesickness  E. Starvation

 Warm, wet climate ideal for cash crops  Tobacco, indigo, and rice

 Instrumental in the establishment of the Roanoke colony in the 1580s  First settled in 1585 as a base for pirate ships  Poor relations with the native population  Found abandoned in 1590

 Opportunity  Peace with Spain  Workers  Population growth  Motives  Unemployment, markets, religious freedom  Means  Joint-stock Companies

 Settled in 1607  First “successful” English colony  Organized by the Virginia Company of London

 Many settlers fell ill from disease  “Gentlemen” refused to do work  Not prepared to survive on their own ▪ Relied on the local Powhatan Indians for food

John Smith  Captured by Chief Powhatan & may have been saved by his daughter, Pocahontas  Negotiated with the Powhatan to obtain access to more food  Implemented a “no work, no food” policy in the colony  Returned to England in 1609

 Tobacco saved the colony from financial disaster  John Rolfe developed a new strain of tobacco that flourished in Virginia ▪ Created a labor shortage ▪ Resulted in the introduction of the “headright” system:  Gave land to anyone who would pay the transportation costs of an indentured servant ▪ Led to the arrival of the first African slaves ▪ Married Pocahontas ▪ Led to eased tensions between the colonists and the Powhatans

Jamestown – Troubles  May 1607 – 101 settlers  January 1608 – 38 survived Jamestown – John Smith  December 1608 – 200 settlers  Spring 1609 – 188 survived  December 1609 – 500 settlers  May 1610 – 100 survived

Virginia House of Burgesses o First met in 1619 o First order of business was to set a price for tobacco o Members included:  Governor – Appointed by officials of the Virginia Company  Council – Appointed by the governor  Representatives – Elected by men over 17 who owned land o Became a symbol for representative government in the colonies

 First Anglo-Powhatan War ( ) ▪ Starving colonists began to raid Indian villages ▪ Matters worsened when colonists began to build new forts on Powhatan land ▪ Both sides laid siege to one another’s settlements ▪ Ended with the Peace of Pocahontas

 Second Anglo-Powhatan War ( ) ▪ Opechancanough ordered a surprise attack on the colonists ▪ Killed about 1/3 of Jamestown’s settlers ▪ Known as the Indian Massacre of 1622 ▪ Ended in 1632 after 10 years of fighting  Third Anglo-Powhatan War ( ) ▪ Final Powhatan effort to dislodge the colonists ▪ Colonists captured & killed Opechancanough and enslaved all males over the age of 11 ▪ Ended with an agreement not to cross onto one another’s land

 Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore  Haven for Catholics in the New World  Prospered with growing of tobacco  Like Virginia, depended upon indentured servants, and later slaves  Act of Toleration (1649)  Granted toleration to all Christians  Death penalty for Jews and atheists and others who denied divinity of Jesus

 What factors led to the eventual success of Jamestown?

 Charles II granted land south of Virginia to 8 supporters in 1663  Given the title of Lord Proprietors  Able to exercise their authority with virtual independence

Background  Settlement in the area began in 1670  Many of its early settlers came from colonies in the Caribbean, particularly Barbados  Persecution in the early 1600s had led many to leave England  About 110,000 settled in the West Indies

Background  Sugar production was key to the Caribbean economy  Required large labor force  Originally relied on indentured servants  Soon replaced by African slaves

In the 1670s, many migrated from the Caribbean to the Carolinas where they began to grow rice.

Search for a Labor Force  Indentured Servants  African Slaves  Slaves for life  Had knowledge of rice cultivation  Immune to malaria & yellow fever  Led to a black majority in SC by 1710s

 Largest forced migration in human history  Involved about 10 million Africans  About 400,000 were sent to the colonies  Most were from West Africa

Middle Passage  Journey took from 6 weeks to 3 months  Shipping companies competed to design ships that would fit the most slaves  Crowded, unsanitary conditions  Between 10-20% on the voyage

Brutality  Slaves were bought and sold like animals  Worked long hours & could be punished for no reason  Lived in 1-room shacks with dirt floors  Ate corn & salted pork

Holding onto African Heritage  Children were given African names  Music reflected African origins  Gullah – A language made up of African & English words

Slave Resistance Completely submissive & obedient Small in number Completely resistant Small in number Subtle resistance Frequent

Slave Resistance  Breaking or pretending not to know how to use tools, f aking illnesses  Escape for short periods of time

 After reading the two accounts, answer the following questions…  1. How do the accounts differ? Use textual evidence to support.  2. Is one account more believable than the other? Why is this the case?  3. How do you think the Stono Rebellion impacted the United States with regard to race relations?

Background  Yellow fever outbreak in Charleston  Increased hostilities between England & Spain

Beginnings  Twenty slaves, led by a slave named Jemmy, broke into a store  Took weapons & gunpowder  Killed the storekeepers – placed their heads on display

Beginnings  Joined by slaves from other plantations  Eventually totaled slaves  Traveled south, toward Spanish Florida  Burned 7 plantations & killed whites along the way

Continued  Confronted by the local militia the next day  20 whites & 44 slaves were killed  Heads of the rebels were mounted on stakes along major roadways to serve as a warning  Largest slave rebellion of the colonial era

Aftermath  A new Slave Code was passed  Slave patrols were expanded  Fined slave owners who did not keep control of their slaves

 Founded in 1732 & named for King George II  Created as a buffer between South Carolina & Spanish Florida

Background  A group of trustees was charged with ruling the colony in its early years  One trustee, James Oglethorpe, was key to the colony’s early history  Hoped the colony could serve as a haven for debtors who could leave jail if they agreed to relocate in Georgia  Prohibited slavery & alcohol  Limited landholdings to 500 acres

Early History  Population totaled nearly 3,000 by the 1740s  Settlers came from Germany, Switzerland, Scotland, & England  Missionaries, including John Wesley, attempted to spread Christianity

Early History  Ultimately, the population remained small & early goals were not reached  By 1750, slavery had been legalized & size limits for landholdings were lifted  Life began to resemble that in South Carolina with the rise of an elite planters who relied on slave labor

 Why was the colony of Georgia established?  Did it serve its purpose?