Industrial Geography: 1. Classification of Industry Penicuik HS Higher Geography

Why Industry exists: It is important to remember all Industry is work performed for economic gain.

Classification of Industry As you will remember from Standard Grade we divide Industry into 4 main groups: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Look at the following pictures and in your groups, create definitions for these 4 types of Industry.

Primary Industry http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/landscapes/lev2_economic_primary_script.shtml

Secondary Industry http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/landscapes/lev2_economic_secondary_script.shtml

Tertiary Industry http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/landscapes/lev2_economic_tertiary_script.shtml

Quaternary Industry

To Summarise: Primary industries involve the sourcing of raw materials Secondary economic activity involves taking raw materials from a primary industry and turning them into manufactured goods or products Tertiary industries or the service sector involves the provision of services Quaternary industry involves activities such as training and research and development e.g. high technology and information services

Industrial Systems All categories of industry operate as systems based on inputs, processes and outputs Inputs Processes Outputs

Location Factors Why are Location factors important? Physical Factors affecting the location of industry Human and Economic Factors affecting the location of Industry

Physical Location Factors Raw Materials: the bulkier and heavier these are to transport, the nearer the factory should be located to raw materials. This was very important when communication links were less developed. Power: Early industry needed to be sited near to fast flowing rivers, woodlands or coal reserves

Physical Location Factors Natural Routes: River valleys and flat areas were essential in the past when transport was poor but even today industry tends to favour these areas Site and Land: This ideally should be cheap, poor quality farmland with room to expand

Human Location Factors Labour: All industries need labour. Industry is not just concerned with locating near a supply of workers but with the level of skills of those workers Capital: Early industry depended on investment from wealthy entrepreneurs and tended to locate near the investors, nowadays investment comes through banks and Governments.

Human Location Factors Markets: The size and location of markets has become a more important factor than the source of raw materials. Historically the British Empire was an essential market for British Firms

Human Location Factors Transport: Costs increase when items moved are bulky, fragile, perishable or heavy Government and EU Policy: Companies can be attracted to areas by a range of grants, subsidies, rent-free accommodation and other financial incentives

Industrial Growth: Raw Materials S.Wales and location of raw materials

Industrial Growth The land was cheap and the valley floors were flat and easy to build on. Coal and Iron Ore were easily found in horizontal seams. They were close to the surface, making them easy to mine. Limestone was located a few kilometres North in the Brecon Beacons.

Housing Workers flocked to the area, due to the large amount of available jobs. They mainly came from rural areas where they had lost their jobs due to machines replacing them.

The main market for Welsh exports was to The British Empire, which provided a guaranteed market for Welsh Iron and Coal. Any large scale projects undertaken in the Empire imported goods from factories at “home” meaning they could not be undercut by local businesses in the colonies

A docks was built in Cardiff to export the coal from.

Towns and cities in the UK were growing and they needed coal to power the factories and also to heat homes. Coal was also needed in large quantities in the newly expanding railway system.

Changing Landscape Canals and later Railways were built on the flat valley floor, making transport of the raw material easier.

Changing Landscape

* Watch “Britain from Above” DVD* Changing Landscape However this landscape was to change dramatically over the next 50 years In 2010 the Welsh Valleys are almost unrecognisable from those at the turn of the 20th Century as traditional industries have crumbled * Watch “Britain from Above” DVD*

Changing Landscape The rapid industrialisation and urbanisation of South Wales changed a tranquil rural landscape into a maze of tight streets and smoke bellowing factories Often the fire from the Ironworks would give the illusion the Valleys were on fire as so much of the available land was taken up by Industry

Changing Landscape

Changing Landscape

Changing Landscape Thus began the spread of the well known industrial landscape of the Valleys. Pits crammed themselves into the narrow valley bottoms, vying for space with canals, housing and later railways and roads. Housing began to trail up the valley sides, line upon line of terraces pressed against the slopes.

Changing Landscape The opening up of the underground coal seams resulted in massive immigration, much of it from rural areas. Working, living conditions and wages were deplorable while conditions underground were poor. Housing was overcrowded as their provision lagged behind the supply of jobs

Industrial Decline (19401990) Stage 2 Industrial Decline (19401990)

South Wales: Changing Industry: Notes Iron Ore and Limestone has run out Coal is running out and is becoming more difficult and expensive to mine as the coal seams get thinner. This means machines can no longer be used. The coal seams are more faulted making it more expensive to dig out. No demand for coal to be used in steam trains Houses no longer used coal to heat them Iron and steel could be made cheaper abroad

Ship building lost a local source of steel and closed down The demand for coal and iron from overseas drops dramatically as the breakup of the British Empire removes the guaranteed market Hydro, gas and nuclear were increasingly used as a power source in power stations. Car transport does not require coal as a power source.

Industrial Decline: Raw materials

Industrial Decline: The British Empire

Industrial Decline: The British Empire

Welsh Miners Strike 1984-1985

Spiral of Decline / alcohol and drug abuse increases Young people leave the area. Older people and young families are left /Bus services and shops close down

Impacts of Change? Problems and Prospects Need to retrain staff Workers accept lower paid, part time work Workers need to move to where the work is (New Steelworks at the coast) No investment and areas became run down Increased crime Increased poverty Alcoholism Government Grants, Skilled workers, Good transport links and a close market have attracted new industry to the region

New Industrial Growth (1990) Stage 3 New Industrial Growth (1990)

New Industries: Transport New Industrial Estates were built next to motorways as good access was essential for cheaply importing raw materials and distributing their finished goods. The new road system also meant the labour force could get there easily.

New Industries: Government Firms, both British and Foreign were attracted to the older industrial areas of South Wales by the offer of financial incentives made available by the Government. Enterprise Zones were created which were areas where companies can locate free of local taxes.

New Industries: Government The Government also moved Government owned business to South Wales to help stimulate economic growth. The Royal Mint moved to South Wales in the 1960s whilst more recently the DVLA moved to Swansea.

New Industries: Enterprise Zones Firms, both British and Foreign were attracted to the older industrial areas of South Wales by the offer of financial incentives made available by the Government. Enterprise Zones were created which were areas where companies can locate free of local taxes.

international markets in the EU There was a readily available workforce. Excellent access to international markets in the EU

New Industries: Government Workbooks Page 9! Incentives included: Rent free accommodation Grants for new machinery Subsidies to assist with labour costs Grants to help with retraining schemes Tax incentives to encourage foreign investment

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