The student is expected to: 7B analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record; 7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success;

The student is expected to: 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

Continued: 8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups

KEY CONCEPT The largest phylum in the plant kingdom is the flowering plants.

Flowering plants have unique adaptations that allow them to dominate in today’s world. Flowers allow for efficient pollination. animals feed on pollen or nectar pollen is spread from plant to plant in process

Fruit allows for efficient seed dispersal. Fruit is flower’s ripened ovary Surrounds and protects seed(s) Many forms, each function in seed dispersal

Botanists classify flowering plants into two groups based on seed type. A cotyledon is an embryonic “seed leaf.” Monocots have a single seed leaf. leaf veins usually parallel flower parts usually in multiples of 3 bundles of vascular tissue scattered in stem

Dicots have two seed leaves. leaf veins usually netlike flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5 bundles of vascular tissue in rings in stem

Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan. Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells. Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. Woody stems are stiff. Oak

Flowering plants are also categorized by stem type and lifespan. Stem type can be woody or herbaceous. Wood is a fibrous material made up of dead cells. Wood has high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. Woody stems are stiff. Herbaceous plants do not produce wood. Iris

There are three types of plant life spans. Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year. Wheat

There are three types of plant life spans. Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year. Biennials take two years to compete life cycle. Foxglove

There are three types of plant life spans. Annuals mature from seed, flower, and die in one year. Biennials take two years to compete life cycle. Perennials live more than two years. Big bluestem

KEY CONCEPT Plants have specialized cells and tissue systems.

Plant tissues are made of three basic cell types. Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cell type. store starch, oils and water help heal wounds to the plant have thin flexible walls

Collenchyma cells provide support to a growing plant. they are strong and flexible. celery strings are strands of collenchyma. they have unevenly thick cell walls.

Sclerenchyma cells are the strongest plant cell type. second cell wall hardened by lignin die when they reach maturity used by humans to make linen and rope

Plant organs are made of three tissue systems. Dermal tissue covers the outside of a plant. protects the plant secretes cuticle of leaves forms outer bark of trees

Ground tissue is found inside a plant. provides support stores materials in roots and stems most commonly made of parenchyma

Vascular tissue transports water, minerals and organic compounds. stem leaf root two networks of hollow tubes xylem transports water and minerals phloem transports photosynthetic products

The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

KEY CONCEPT Roots and stems form the support system of vascular plants.

Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil. Roots provide many functions. support the plant absorb, transport, and store nutrients root hairs help absorption

There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip

There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip apical meristem is an area of growth apical meristem

There are several parts of a root. root cap covers the tip apical meristem is an area of growth vascular cylinder contains xylem and phloem vascular cylinder

There are two main types of roots. Fibrous root systems have fine branches. Taproot systems have one main root. Fibrous root Taproot

Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. support leaves and flowers house most of the vascular system store water Baobab trees Cactus

Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. support leaves and flowers house most of the vascular system store water grow underground for storage Ginger rhizomes Potato tubers

Stems support plants, transport materials, and provide storage. Stems have many functions. support leaves and flowers house most of the vascular system store water grow underground for storage form new plants Strawberry stolons

Some stems are herbaceous and conduct photosynthesis.

Some stems can be woody, and form protective bark.

Primary growth increases a plant’s length. Secondary growth increases a plant’s width.

Tree rings help determine the age of a tree. heartwood bands bark one year of growth sapwood

The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; 5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants...; 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants; 10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

KEY CONCEPT Leaves absorb light and carry out photosynthesis.

Most leaves share some similar structures. The blade is usually broad and flat. collects sunlight for photosynthesis connects to the stem by a petiole blade petiole

Mesophyll is between the leaf’s dermal tissue layers. cuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis

Guard cells surround each stoma. Stomata open and close when guard cells change shape. When stomata are open, water evaporates and gas exchanges. Stomata close at night and when plant loses too much water. guard cells stoma

Leaves may be simple, compound, or double compound. Simple leaf Compound leaf Double compound leaf

Leaf veins may be parallel or pinnate. Pinnate veins Parallel veins

Leaf margins may be toothed, entire, or lobed. Toothed margin Entire margin Lobed margin

Most leaves are specialized systems for photosynthesis. There are two types of mesophyll cells. both types contain chloroplasts palisade mesophyll absorbs sunlight spongy mesophyll connects to stomata xylem phloem cuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll stomata lower epidermis

Leaves have many adaptations. for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles

Leaves have many adaptations. for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles for water loss, ex: cactus spines

Leaves have many adaptations. for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles for water loss, ex: cactus spines for aquatic environments, ex: water lily

Leaves have many adaptations. for extreme temperatures, ex: pine needles for water loss, ex: cactus spines for aquatic environments, ex: water lily for getting food, ex: Venus’ flytrap

The student is expected to: 6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual reproduction and 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

KEY CONCEPT Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within flowers.

Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are modified leaves. Sepals are outermost layer that protects developing flower sepal

Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

A stamen is the male structure of the flower. filament anther anther produces pollen grains filament supports the anther

The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel. style stigma ovary stigma is sticky tip style is tube leading from stigma to ovary ovary produces female gametophyte

Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animals. Flowering plants pollinated when pollen grains land on stigma. Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen.

Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen. many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators pollen grains pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

Fertilization takes place within the flower. Male gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. male spores produced in anthers by meiosis each spore divides by mitosis to form two haploid cells two cells form a single pollen grain pollen grain

One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary. four female spores produced in ovule by meiosis one spore develops into female gametophyte female gametophyte contains seven cells one cell has two nuclei, or polar nuclei one cell will develop into an egg

Pollination occurs when a pollen grain lands on a stigma. pollen tube sperm stigma one cell from pollen grain forms pollen tube other cell forms two sperm that travel down tube

Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. female gametophyte ovule egg sperm polar nuclei

Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilization. endosperm seed coat embryo one sperm fertilizes the egg other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm endosperm provides food supply for embryo

Each ovule becomes a seed. The surrounding ovary grows into a fruit.

The student is expected to: 10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

KEY CONCEPT Plant hormones guide plant growth and development.

Plant hormones regulate plant functions. Hormones are chemical messengers. produced in one part of an organism stimulates or suppresses activity in another part

Gibberellins are plant hormones that produce dramatic increases in size. ending seed dormancy rapid growth of young seedlings rapid growth of some flower stalks

Ethylene causes the ripening of fruits. some fruits picked before they are ripe sprayed with ethylene to ripen when reach destination

Cytokinins stimulate cytokinesis. final stage in cell division produced in growing roots, seeds, and fruits involved in growth of side branches

Auxins lengthen plant cells in the growing tip. stimulates growth of primary stem controls some forms of tropism A tropism is the movement of plant in response to an environmental stimulus.

Plants can respond to light, touch, gravity, and seasonal changes. Phototropism is the tendency of a plant to grow toward light. auxins build up on shaded side of stem cells on shaded side lengthen causes stem to bend toward light

Thigmotropism is a plant’s response to touchlike stimuli. climbing plants and vines plants that grow in direction of constant wind

Gravitropism is a plant’s response to Earth’s gravitational pull. positive gravitropism is downward growth (roots) negative gravitropism is upward growth (shoots)

Some plants have rapid responses not involving growth. Some responses protect plants from predators. Some responses allow plants to capture food.

Photoperiodism is a response to the changing lengths of day and night. triggers some plants to flower triggers fall colors/winter dormancy of deciduous trees