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A Promise of Freedom “If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that.“ - ABRAHAM LINCOLN

The War So Far The Confederacy was hoping that Great Britain and France might help them in the war, giving the Confederacy an advantage.

The War So Far What is the war about? Preserving the Union or Freeing the Slaves?

The War So Far Reasons a Victory was Needed: –Lincoln wanted to show that his government was strong and could support or “back up” the proclamation. –Lincoln didn’t want it to appear that his government was weak, and that he was asking the slaves to rebel against their masters.

6 By mid-1862 President Lincoln felt he must also address the issue of slavery. He felt he could save the Union if he broadened the goals of the war. So Lincoln decided to issue the Emancipation Proclamation to free enslaved African Americans living in the Confederacy. The word, emancipate means, to set free.Emancipation Proclamation On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the formal Emancipation Proclamation that stated that declared: “On the 1st day of January, in the year of the Lord 1863, all persons held as slaves within any state or...part of a state whose people...shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”

7 Since the rebelling states were not under Union Control, no slaves actually gained freedom on January 1st, Still the Emancipation Proclamation changed the character of the war.

8 In the South, Lincoln's proclamation was seen as a “fiend's act” that destroyed expensive property. The proclamation won the sympathy of Europeans, especially workers. As a result, it became less likely that Britain or any other European country would come to the aid of the South. The Emancipation Proclamation would not free slaves in the four loyal slave states. Nor would slaves be freed in Confederate lands that had already been captured by the Union, such as the city of New Orleans. What does this mean to all African American people?

Emancipation

Lincoln’s first challenge was that the U.S. Constitution did not prohibit slavery. Individual states could outlaw slavery, but not the U.S. Government.

Lincoln justified the emancipation thus: -slaves were property - in war time, enemy property was confiscated. -he stated that the property would be liberated. Emancipation

Now the war was no longer just about preserving the union. It was also about freeing the slaves.

Despite the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans still worked in the South as slaves on plantations. However, many slaves slowed down their work or refused to work at all. In this way, they hoped to weaken the South's war effort.

At the start of the war African Americans were forbid to fight in the war as soldiers. In 1862 Congress repealed this law and allowed free and escaped Africans to fight in the war. Thousands of African Americans fought for the Union Army. Nearly 40,000 African Americans lost their lives in the war. African Americans in the War

United States Colored Troops

The War Department decided that A-A soldiers would be placed in all A-A units commanded by white officers. A-As joined the U.S. military in large numbers, increasing the Army size, Size of force became one of the deciding factors in the Union defeating the Confederacy.

Many black regiments were commanded by white officers. Massachusetts was one of the first states to issue an all black regiment. They were called the 54 th Massachusetts Regiment. The 54 th Regiment was known as “the bravest of the brave.” In 1863, near Charleston, the 54th Regiment forced their way into combat with the South. The commander of the 54th and most of the soldiers were killed. The courage of the 54th Regiment won the respect of other African American Soldiers.

Summary The Union “victory” at Antietam allowed President Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Great Britain and France remained neutral and did not enter the war on the side of the Confederacy. The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves in the Confederate States (Eventually all states would free their slaves) With African Americans joining the armed forces, the United States had a greater advantage over the Confederate States because of its number of soldiers and sailors.

Hardships of War

The Hard Life of Soldiers Most soldiers < 21yrs. As death toll rose, the South drafted males as young as 17 and as old as 50. Camps were dirty and a source of disease Irregular pay Badly equipped – especially Rebel forces

The Hard Life of Soldiers New technology added to the horror of war. Minié ball from rifle made terrible wounds. Medical care on the battlefield was crude. Diseases like dysentery, typhus, pneumonia and malaria killed more men than guns or cannons.

Deadly Weapons

Problems at Home in the North Some people opposed the use of force to keep the South in the Union. Supporters of the war called these people Copperheads. There was a shortage of volunteers for the army. Money offered to enlist in the army 1/3 of career officers resigned to fight for the Confederacy

Problems at Home in the North In 1863, Congress passed a draft law – which required all able-bodied males 20 and 45yrs to serve in the military if they were called. $300 to get around draft – “rich man’s war & a poor man’s fight” Opposition to the draft law led to riots.

President Lincoln moved to stop the riots and other "disloyal practices." Several times, he suspended habeas corpus, the right to be charged or have a hearing before being jailed. Lincoln argued that the Constitution allowed him to deny people their rights "when in the cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it."

The War and the Northern Economy Increased farm production - greater use of farm machines, as farmers went off to fight. Increased industrial profits – wartime demand for clothing, shoes, guns, etc. helped northern industries. Some manufacturers made fortunes by profiteering.

The War and the Northern Economy To pay for the war, Congress established the nation’s first income tax in During the Civil War, a person earning from $600 to $10,000 per year paid tax at the rate of 3%. Incomes of more than $10,000 paid taxes at a higher rate.

The War and the Northern Economy The Union issued millions of dollars worth of bonds. When taxes and bonds did not raise enough money, the North printed more than $400 million in paper money. This led to inflation – during the war, the price for goods doubled

Problems at Home in the South Confederate government had difficulty collecting taxes. (strong belief in states’ rights) The South too, was forced to pass a draft law to fill its army. Resentment that rich landowners could avoid serving

Problems at Home in the South Near the end of the war, the South no longer had enough white men to fill the ranks. The Confederate congress reluctantly agrees to let enslaved African Americans serve. The war ends before this actually happens.

The War and the Southern Economy The Confederacy imposed an income tax and a tax-in- kind. For tax-in-kind farmers had to give 10% of their crops to the government. The South also printed so much paper money that wild inflation set in.

How the War Affected the Southern Economy Loss of the cotton trade - President Davis stopped the South’s cotton trade with Britain, hoping to force Britain to side with the South. Severe shortages – caused by the Union blockade. The South began to build and run its own factories. The blockade also brought food shortages. Plantations switched from growing cotton to raising grain and livestock.

Many women took an interest in the war effort. Women on both sides worked as nurses. Dorothea Dix helped reform prisons and mental hospitals. Dorothea DixClara Barton Clara Barton earned fame as a Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross.

Women in the War With many men gone to war, women took jobs in industry and on farms. Women’s aid societies helped supply the troops with food, bedding, clothing, and medicine. Women held fundraisers to pay for war supplies.

Women in the War Sojourner Truth worked in Union hospitals. Sally Tompkins set up a Confederate hospital.