Life in the Emerging Urban Society McKay Chapter 24 Taming the city

Homework Read McKay Chapter 24 Quiz on Chapter 24 Friday!!!

Social Life 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 Commercial Revolution 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 Commercial Revolution -Preindustrial Europe -Agriculturally based econ -Community Controls -Late Marriage -Nuclear Family -Open Field System -Premarital Sex common -Illegitimacy low -Marriages usually arranged -High Infant mortality -Breast feeding uncommon In middle and upper class -Medical care primitive -blood letting, faith healers -Diet and Nutrition improving -Life span increasing (25-35) -Still very Religious -Carnival and Blood Sports Most popular Industrial Revolution -Cottage Industry & Factory System -Illegitimacy Explosion -Nuclear Family most common -Earlier Marriage (for love) -Urbanization growing -overcrowded, poor transportation, disease ramped -Child & female labor high -Family economic unit in factory -deplorable conditions -medical experimentation Increases -Drinking most popular pastime Age of Science -Factory System -Industrial based econ -Illegitimacy decreases -Nuclear family -Urban improvements -Bacterial Rev. -Diverse social Classes -Married later Women relegated To the home --infant mortality Decreases -Maternal love Encouraged -sociology, Darwinism & realism

Urban Life during the Industrial Revolution

Industry and the growth of cities congestion, filth, and disease existed long before the Industrial Revolution Cities had higher death rates than birth rates Industrial Revolution & population growth made urban reform necessary In Britain, % of population living in cities of 20,000 17 percent in 1801 to 54 percent in 1891 Housing Overcrowded, lacked sanitation, no yards Many people lived in sewerage & poo-poo kaa-kaa Manchester Over 200 people shared 1 outhouse Manchester canal, circa 1850 Passage de la Petite Boucherie, Paris

Top of rue Champlain, Paris 1858 Industry and the growth of cities Why the awful conditions? A lack of transportation “walking cities” Lack of sanitary codes legacy of rural housing also contributed to the problem Took dirt for granted Top of rue Champlain, Paris 1858

Gustave Doré: London, A Pilgrimage

Public health and the bacterial revolution Edwin Chadwick (British reformer) was influenced by Benthamite Problems could be dealt with rational, scientifically (Positivism) greatest good for the greatest number believed that cleaning the city would curtail disease proposed the installation of running water and sewers New sanitation methods and public health laws were adopted all over Europe from the 1840s on

The Bacterial Revolution Miasmatic theory (Pre-Positivism) Belief that disease was caused by bad odors Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Germ Theory germs caused disease major breakthrough Pasteurization Organism growth that occurs during fermentation could be eliminated via heat meant disease could be controlled through vaccines Robert Koch Identified organisms responsible for many diseases vaccines developed Lister developed the concept of sterilization of wounds Mortality rates began to decline rapidly in European countries Operation using Lister's carbolic spray invented in 1869

Urban planning and public transportation Better urban planning contributed to improved living conditions Georges Haussmann (1809-1884) After 1850, Paris was transformed by the urban planning Pre1850 Paris A “labyrinth of narrow, dark streets, severely overcrowded” “walking city” Very high death rates Post 1850 Paris became a model city Broad, straight, tree lined boulevards cut through the center of the city Prevent barricade building Parks created throughout the city Sewers improved & aqueducts built Electric streetcars revolutionized urban life and enabled the cities to expand The avenue de l'Opéra as seen by Pissaro

Pre Haussman Paris Post Haussman Paris

Rich and poor and those in between

Rich and poor and those in between Social structure Between about 1850 and 1906, the standard of living for the average person improved substantially But differences in wealth continued to be enormous society remained stratified in a number of classes Wealthy classes Aristocrats, bankers, factory owners “Rented” townhouses Owned summer cottage Arranged marriages Rose from Titanic

The Middle Classes Upper middle class composed of successful business families who were attracted to the aristocratic lifestyle (Nouveau Riches), (Cal from Titanic) Middle middleclass group contained merchants, lawyers, and doctors--people who were well off but not wealthy Lower middle class shopkeepers, small businessmen, and white-collar workers Experts, such as engineers, chemists, accountants, and managers, were also considered members of the middle class, as were those in public and private management (Captain of Titanic) Teachers, dentists, and nurses rose up the ladder to become middle class

Middle-class culture united these sub-classes Lifestyle included large meals (lots of meat), dinner parties, servants, an interest in fashionable dressing, apartment housing, and good education Code of expected behavior stressed hard work, self-discipline, religion, and restraint from vices Victorian morality Woman’s place was in the home Known for prudishness Corset, Crinoline dress

The working classes Vast majority of people (4 out of 5) had varying lifestyles and little unity "labor aristocracy" Highly skilled workers developed a lifestyle of stern morality considered themselves the leaders of the working class had strong political and philosophical beliefs Semiskilled and unskilled urban workers Many workers in the crafts and factory work were part of the semiskilled Domestic servants, mostly female, were a large unskilled subgroup Women employed in the "sweated industries" were another large group

The working classes Drinking was a favorite leisure activity Drunkenness often resulted in fights and misery "drinking problem" declined in the late 19th century Cafes and pubs became respectable, even for women Pubs became centers for working class politics other pastimes included sports and music halls Increasingly less religious and more secular partly because of lack of churches also because the church was seen as an institution that upheld the power and position of the ruling elites Religious organizations linked with an ethnic group (e.g., Irish and Jewish), and not the state, tended to thrive. Click for Clip

Premarital sex and marriage "Romantic love" Triumphed over economic considerations in the working class by 1850 Economic considerations remained important to the middle class Premarital sex remained high After 1850 Illegitimacy decreased indicating the growing morality and stability of the working class

Victorian Prostitution 155 thousand registered in Paris Middle and upper classes fueled it Men commonly turned to prostitutes because marriages were so often made later in life, especially in the middle and upper classes Brutal sexist behavior was a part of life Post-Impressionist Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

Kinship ties Marriage and family ties were often strong Especially among middle classes Never stray too far from the nest Kinship networks were an important source of mutual support and welfare

Gender roles and family life Preindustrial pattern of women working outside the home disappeared except for working class women Separate spheres Term indicating that women became fulltime mothers and homemakers, not wage earners Husband was the breadwinner Women excluded from good jobs Law placed women in an inferior position Wife in England had no legal identity & no right to own property In France, the Napoleonic Code gave women few legal rights Crinoline Dress, about 1859

Status of Victorian Women Middleclass feminists campaigned for equal legal rights, equal education, access to the professions, and work for women Scored some victories, but In Germany in 1900 women were kept out of universities and the professions Socialist women called for the liberation of working class women through revolution

Status of Victorian Women control and influence in the home increased wife usually determined how money was spent Running the household was complicated and demanding, and many women sacrificed for the welfare and comfort of their husbands Home increased in emotional importance in all social classes; symbolized shelter from the harsh working world “HOME IS THE NEST WHERE ALL IS BEST” Strong emotional bonds between mothers and children and between wives and husbands developed Women encouraged to marry someone their own age for love

Child rearing Indifference of mothers toward their children came to an end--as mothers developed deep emotional ties with their children. more breastfeeding and less swaddling and abandonment of babies fathers were urged to help in child rearing birthrate declined each child became more important and could receive more advantages Main reason for the reduction in family size was the parents' desire to improve the family's economic and social position Children were no longer seen as an economic asset

Child rearing Many children were too controlled by parents, however, and suffered the effects of excessive parental concern Prevailing theories encouraged many parents to think that their own emotional characteristics were passed to their children; thus, they were responsible for any abnormality in the child “Never run the risk of conception when you are sick or over-tired…” Parents were obsessed with the child's sexual behavior--particularly the possibility of masturbation "Spare the rod and spoil the child" Relations between fathers and children were often tense; fathers tended to be very demanding In studying family dynamics, Freud developed his theory of the Oedipal complex: that a son competes with his father for his mother's love Working-class youths had more avenues of escape from family tensions than middleclass youths

Science and thought Scientific knowledge expanded rapidly--resulting in new products Triumph of science Theoretical discoveries resulted increasingly in practical benefits, as in thermodynamics, chemistry, and electricity Scientific achievements strengthened faith in progress and gave science unrivaled prestige Thru science man could understand and control nature Titanic = The Unsinkable Ship Dmitri Mendeleev

Social science and evolution Auguste Comte Father of Sociology tried to study society scientifically using data collected by the government to find social laws Comte argued The third and final stage of knowledge is that of science, or what he called the "positivist method" Would allow social scientists to develop a disciplined and harmonic society ruled by science and experts

Social science and evolution Origin of the Species Theory of evolution Charles Darwin theorized that all life had evolved gradually from a common origin through an unending "struggle for survival" that led to the survival of the fittest by natural selection Social Darwinists, such as Herbert Spencer, applied Darwin's ideas to human affairs Fit nicely with Bourgeoisie weltanschauung Satirical cartoon by Thomas Nast, from Harper's Weekly, August 19, 1871. Victorian society was shocked by the publication in 1859 of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species and in 1871 of his Descent of Man, both of which seemed to indicate that man was descended from the apes. Here the artist puts all the dismay into the mouth of the “defrauded” ape.

The End of the Springtime of Peoples The springtime of peoples (Revolution of 1848) was followed by chilling blasts of winter Major accomplishment of 1848 revolutions was emancipation of peasantry Constitutional governments were secured in Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Piedmont France had popular sovereignty but not democracy (really a popular dictatorship) However, peasantry showed little concern for constitutional or bourgeois ideas Result strengthened the forces of political counterrevolution Most immediate result of Revolution of 1848 A new toughness of mind emerged “Get Real” zeitgeist Idealism and romanticism are out, realism is in Revolutionaries became less optimistic Conservatives became more willing to exercise repression Realism becomes the watchword Labor shifts to the organization of unions Honore Daumier, The Third-Class Carriage, ca. 1862. oil on canvas. French.

Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers, 1849. oil on canvas. French. Post 1848 Zeitgeist Literature Realism Writers describe life as it really is Unsentimental Rejected the search for sublime meaning Fatalistic Mankind is crushed by natural or societal forces Madame Bovary, by Flaubert precise, unsentimental, literal Mocks illusions of romantic literature Trust in science and scientific knowledge grows increased skepticism role of religion is examined because it is unscientific is shouldn’t be taken seriously and is necessary only to preserve social order "Before she married, she thought she was in love; but the happiness that should have resulted from that love, somehow had not come. It seemed to her that she must have made a mistake, have misunderstood in some way or another. And Emma tried hard to discover what, precisely, it was in life that was denoted by the words 'joy, passion, intoxication', which had always looked so fine to her in books." - Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary Flaubert, Gustave: Madame Bovary Madame Bovary (1857) Gustave Flaubert, French writer, wrote meticulous descriptions of provincial woman’s (Emma) tedious, unhappy marriage to a second rate, dull doctor named Charles Bovary Seeking romance she has affairs and bankrupts her husband After unsuccessfully attempting to prostitute herself to keep her affairs secret, Emma is rejected, driven to depair and committs suicide Charles discovers her affair, and dies alone Their daughter is sent to work in a cotton mill Gustave Courbet. The Stone Breakers, 1849. oil on canvas. French.

Realism in literature Stressed role of environment in determining human behavior You are a product of your environment Replaced romanticism as the dominant literary trend from the 1840s through the 1890s Objectively studied & wrote about everyday life taboo subjects urban working class Were strict determinists (Fatalistic) human actions were caused by unalterable natural laws Emile Zola, -the leading French realist Tolstoy in Russia, and Crane in America were also great realists