Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9th Edition By Robert Feldman Azhar Ali Shah

Chapter 10: Personality Azhar Ali Shah

MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality How do psychologists define and use the concept of personality? What do the theories of Freud and his successors tell us about the structure and development of personality? Azhar Ali Shah

MODULE 31: Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Based on the idea that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control . Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud Unconscious Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, and drives of which one is not aware Motivates much of our behavior Preconscious Holds material easily brought to mind e.g. WHAT IS YOUR NAME? Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego Id Raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality Sex, hunger, aggression and irritation Holds primitive drives Pleasure principle Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego Ego Strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world It makes decisions, control actions, solving problems and allow thinking Reality principle It is also called "Executive” of personality Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Structuring Personality: Id, Ego, & Superego Superego Represents the rights and the wrongs of society as taught and modeled by one’s parents, teachers, and other significant individuals Includes the conscience which enables us to prevent the improper behavior by making us guilty. Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages Individuals encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual desires. Failure to resolve conflicts at any stage can result in fixation 12-18 months baby (sucking, eating) 12 months – 3 years baby (get toilet training) etc. Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages Oral stage ( birth to 1 year) Baby’s mouth is focal point of pleasure Weaning (sucking the mother breast with power) is main conflict Fixation could include: Eating Talking Smoking Other oral interests Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages Anal stage (12-18 to 3 years) Major source of development is the digestive system Children get growth in both retention and expulsion of feces Fixation may result in: Rigidity: they can do patient. Orderliness (expectation) Punctuality: they ask the things at right time e.g. hunger Sloppiness: they can sustain their feces. Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages Phallic stage (3-6 years) Oedipal conflict At this stage the male take interest in opposite sex therefore they take interest in mother, even they hate their father. Identification : wanting to be like another person as much as possible Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Developing Personality: Psychosexual Stages Latency period (5-6year) Lasts until puberty (sexual mature) Sexual interests become dormant it reemerge during adult again. Genital stage (adult) This process is permanent and it Extends until death Focus is on mature, adult sexuality (sexual intercourse) Azhar Ali Shah

Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind Defense Mechanisms Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing its source from themselves and others Repression: we put unacceptable and unpleasant Id impulse back into our unconscious e.g. patience. Azhar Ali Shah

The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud Jung’s Collective Unconscious Common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our relatives, the whole human race, and even nonhuman animal ancestors from the distant past Archetypes Universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience He paid greater attention to the effects of society and culture on personality development. Azhar Ali Shah

MODULE 32: Trait, Learning, Biological, Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality What are the major aspects of trait, learning, biological and evolutionary, and humanistic approaches to personality? Azhar Ali Shah

Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Trait Theory Seeks to explain, in a straightforward way, the consistencies in individuals’ behavior Traits Consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situations Azhar Ali Shah

Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Allport’s Trait Theory: Identifying Basic Characteristics Cardinal trait Single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities Central trait Major characteristics of an individual e.g. honesty & sociability. Secondary trait Affect behavior in fewer situations e.g. hesitation in eating meat. Azhar Ali Shah

Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Cattell and Eysenck: Factoring Out Personality Factor analysis Statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns Factors Combinations of traits Cattell: Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) Eysenck: 3 major dimensions: Extraversion, neuroticism(sociability), and psychoticism (twist from reality) Azhar Ali Shah

Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality The Big Five Personality Traits Openness to experience (imaginative / practical) Conscientiousness (careful / careless, disciplined/impulsive, etc ) Extraversion ( talkative / quiet, sociable / retiring) Agreeableness (kind /cold, appreciative / unfriendly) Neuroticism (stable / tense, calm /anxious) Azhar Ali Shah Figure 2 of Module 32

Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned B. F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Approach States that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns Azhar Ali Shah

Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned How much consistency exists in personality? Walter Mischel Personality is variable from one situation to another Situationism Cognitive-affective processing system theory (CAPS) People’s thoughts and emotions about themselves and the world determine how they view, and then react, in situations Azhar Ali Shah

Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Self-esteem The component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations Relationship harmony Azhar Ali Shah

Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? Suggest that important components of personality are inherited Temperament Innate disposition Azhar Ali Shah

Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Emphasize people’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move towards higher levels of functioning Carl Rogers Self-actualization Self-concepts Unconditional positive regard Conditional positive regard Azhar Ali Shah

MODULE 33: Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive How can we most accurately assess personality? What are the major types of personality measures? Azhar Ali Shah

Psychological Tests Standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively Reliability The measurement consistency of a test Validity When a test measures what it is designed to measure Azhar Ali Shah

Self-Report Measures of Personality Asks people about a relatively small sample of their behavior Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory -2 (MMPI-2) Test standardization Azhar Ali Shah

Projective Measures Projective Personality Tests Rorschach test People are shown ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it Rorschach test Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Azhar Ali Shah

Behavioral Assessment Direct measures of an individual’s behavior designed to describe characteristics indicative of personality Azhar Ali Shah