The Civil War Chapter 8

North and South By 1858, many American’s saw the nation as divided into two parts the North and the South Rapid changes in technology, territory, economy, and population amplified their differences

Transportation By 1860, the U.S. had 31,000 miles of rail and 3,700 miles of canals But, most was in the North Northern farmers had adopted inventions such as the steel plow and horse drawn reaper Produce more food with less labor It could be transported cheaply to cities Result: People could live far from food sources

North 1860: Population was 19 million 26% of people lived in big cities – New York, Boston, Philadelphia Industrial revolution meant big factories producing lot of goods North produced 75% of the nations wealth 81% of factories were in the North Small farms

Resources

South 1860: population was 12 million – 4 million were slaves 10% of people lived in cities Few factories Agricultural economy – Three main crops: tobacco, sugar, and cotton

Cotton was King The invention of the cotton gin made cotton profitable It was difficult to make a profit from cotton because cotton seeds were removed by hand It took a person a whole day to clean one pound of cotton

Slavery A big difference between the North and the South was slavery, which existed in the South

Slavery North Saw slavery as unprofitable Morally wrong Slavery was abolished in the North in 1804 Did not want slavery to spread to the West Saw slavery as unprofitable Morally wrong Slavery was abolished in the North in 1804 Did not want slavery to spread to the West South Slavery was seen as cheap labor Slaves were needed to pick cotton Did want slavery to spread Did not think slavery was bad Slavery was seen as cheap labor Slaves were needed to pick cotton Did want slavery to spread Did not think slavery was bad Read about Eliza Winston, page 109

Dred Scott Read Dred and Harriet Scott page The Northern states were angered by the Dred Scott decision

Representation With little industrialization in the South, its white population remained steady Industrialization caused the North’s white population to expand 1860: North had 147 votes in the U.S. House of Representatives; the South had only 90 In the Senate, each state has equal representation, so the issue of extending slavery into new states dominated politics

Slavery Slavery flourished in the South due to the long growing season and labor intensive crops Abolitionists were people who worked to end slavery Wanted blacks to be citizens Some people were neutral Most Minnesotan’s opposed slavery

Missouri Compromise As the United States expanded the question of whether new territories would enter the Union as slave states or free states had to be addressed The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provided for the joint admission of free states simultaneously with free states

New Territory After the Mexican-American war the U.S. acquired much more territory New solution was the Compromise of 1850 California would be free Utah and New Mexico would be slave

Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act – Two new territories north of the Missouri Compromise – Allowed the people to determine if they would be a free or slave territories – Repealed the Missouri Compromise – Many violent encounters as people flocked to the area to try to sway the vote – – What was “popular sovereignty?” – What was “Bleeding Kansas?”

Abraham Lincoln Frustrated by their inability to end slavery the Whig Party created the new Republican Party – Northern – Antislavery Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president

Lincoln’s Election Only white men could vote Lincoln’s election convinced southerners that their way of life was coming to an end – slavery Southern states responded by seceding, leaving the Union Formed the Confederate States of America 1861: the country is at war

Minnesota 1 st state to contribute soldiers to the war 1,009 soldiers from St. Anthony, St. Paul, and nearby towns Trained at Fort Snelling Known as the First Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Read Charley Goddard Goes to War – Page

Civil War Overview North industrial, financial, and population advantages Unfamiliar territory Offensive position Long supply and communication lines to maintain 9OA 9OA South Defensive position Familiar territory Better generals and military leadership Needed resources to win Failed to enlist foreign aid

Emancipation Proclamation Freed the slaves Shifted the major aim of the war from restoring the Union to ending slavery April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse Virginia

End of the War More than 600,000 soldiers and countless civilians had lost their lives Many parts of the South were in ruins Minnesota’s economy had flourished Families were broken Bodies were crippled

Reconstruction Amendments Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in 1865 Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments granted citizenship and civil rights to all African Americans and gave black men the right to vote Missionary Ridge: Investigation 8 – Page 116