Bell Work 04/13/15 The Puritans founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony to escape persecution. Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and formed a new colony that did not have a state church. Anne Hutchinson was expelled from the Bay Colony for dissenting against church doctrine This diagram describes events in colonial America that are related to — F. the eventual adoption of the U.S. Constitution G. the formation of a government controlled by religious officials H. the creation of a national system of checks and balances J. the establishment of the principle of religious freedom

Reconstruction and the Changing South, 1863–1896 18-1: Early Steps to Reunion

A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended. After the Civil War, the country had to repair the damage done by the fighting and find a way to rebuild.

Postwar problems were more severe in the South than in the North. Employment – for returning soldiers The South Widespread Destruction Economic ruin A changed society

First Efforts at Reconstruction Ten Percent Plan (1863) Wade-Davis Bill How did the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President lead to conflict? 5

The Ten Percent Plan 1863- Lincoln Proposes Ten Percent Plan Used as Confederate areas fell to the Union during the Civil War. A southern state could form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. The new government had to abolish slavery. Voters could then elect members of Congress. The plan offered amnesty to Confederates who swore loyalty to the Union. But no amnesty for Former Confederate leaders.

Wade-Davis Bill 1864- Republicans pass less generous Wade-Davis Bill a rival Republican plan - which Lincoln refused to sign. A majority of white men in each southern state had to swear loyalty to the Union. Anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy would be denied the right to vote or hold office.

The Freedmen’s Bureau Before the war was over, Congress and the President passed the bill to create this agency to help former slaves and poor whites. food and clothing to former slaves. Tried to find jobs for freedmen. medical care. Set up schools. Most of the teachers were volunteers from the North. The Bureau created colleges for African Americans, including Howard, Morehouse, and Fisk.

Lincoln’s Assassination Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, 5 days after Lee’s surrender. Ford’s Theatre John Wilkes Booth

Johnson’s Inauguration Leads to Conflict Andrew Johnson became President. He proposed a mild Republican Reconstruction plan: A majority of voters in each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the Union. Each state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery throughout the nation. The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved their new state governments in late 1865. Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House.

Johnson’s Inauguration Leads to Conflict Republicans in Congress were outraged that many of former Confederate officials were elected No southern state allowed African Americans to vote. Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats in Congress. Instead, Republicans set up a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan for the South

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction Johnson was seen as too soft and forgiving to former Confederate officials. He did not support rights for freedmen – he believed in states’ right to decide. Many Republicans in Congress took steps to make changes. Since their majority was large, they were able to over-ride Presidential vetoes.

Black Codes Passed by southern state legislatures Black codes granted some rights - to marry and to own some property. Black codes prevented freedmen from gaining political and economic power. They could not vote, own guns, or serve on juries. In some states, they limited the work that a freedman could do.

Black Codes How did Congress react to black codes? angered by them & Republicans blamed Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan. Republicans were also angered by southern white violence against freedmen. To combat the black codes, the Civil Rights Act was passed in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans.

Congress Reacts to Black Codes The Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve slavery . . . as long as possible.” When President Johnson ignored the report of the Joint Committee, members of Congress who were called Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans Gain Power Radical Republicans had two main goals. Break the power of wealthy planters who had long ruled the South. Ensure that freedmen received the right to vote. Radical Republicans needed the support of moderate Republicans. Republicans controlled both houses after many southern Democrats were barred/refused to vote.

Fourteenth Amendment Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States. It guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” and said that no state could “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”

Radical Republicans Gain Power President Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment. Southern violence convinced northerners that strong measures were needed, so they backed the Republicans. Republicans won majorities in both houses of Congress.

Radical Reconstruction The period that followed the 1866 election is often called Radical Reconstruction. Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It threw out state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment. It imposed military rule in the South – divided the region into 5 districts and gave the Army power to enforce Reconstruction.

Reconstruction Plans Plan Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill Johnson Plan Reconstruction Act Proposed by Conditions for Former Confederate States to Rejoin Union President Abraham Lincoln (1863) 10 percent of voters must swear loyalty to Union Must abolish slavery Republicans in Congress (1864) Majority of white men must swear loyalty Former Confederate volunteers cannot vote or hold office President Andrew Johnson (1865) Must ratify Thirteenth Amendment Former Confederate officials may vote and hold office Radical Republicans (1867) Must disband state governments Must write new constitutions Must ratify Fourteenth Amendment African American men must be allowed to vote

Andrew Johnson Impeached Because Johnson tried to limit the effect of Radical Reconstruction, Congress tried to remove him from office. Feb 1868 the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring formal charges against, Johnson. If two thirds of the Senate found him guilty of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” – the President could be removed from office In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19 against Johnson—just one vote shy of the two thirds needed to convict him. political differences – not high crimes

The Civil War Amendments Thirteenth Amendment Bans slavery throughout the United States. Fourteenth Amendment Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States. Guarantees citizens equal protection of the laws. No state can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property with due process of law. Fifteenth Amendment Forbids any state to deny any citizens the right to vote because of race.