A2 Historical enquiry: India and the British Empire,

Pressures and concessions in the First World War Pressures from: Indian military involvement (Jonny B and Tim) The Ghadr movement (Brad and Rob G) The Home Rule Leagues (Cyrus and Jordy) The Lucknow Pact (Josh and Adiel) British reactions The Montagu Declaration (Matt R and Marco) The Rowlatt Act (Rob S) The Government of India 1919 Act (Jonny W and Matt W) As we go through the Government of India Act and q.8 ensure you follow the notes and ask about anything you are unsure of

The Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms a.k.a. The Government of India Act 1919

Who? Montagu = Edwin Montagu the Secretary of State for India Chelmsford = Lord Chelmsford, the viceroy of India i.e. the two men with responsibility for India

Why? To follow up Montagu’s promise, made in the 1917 Montagu Declaration, of “the gradual development of self-governing institutions with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as part of the British Empire.” Rather an ambivalent promise!!

What? The reforms started life as a report, following a fact-finding tour. Then the Government of India Act was passed: A review in 10 years’ time to consider dominion status. Extension of the franchise and a majority of Indians on most councils Provincial councils given responsibility for e.g. education, health, agriculture

A significant change? Yes: for the first time, majority Indian councils, elected by Indians, controlled some aspects of government No: the Indians on the viceroy’s council were appointed, the franchise was limited (only 5m out of 150m could vote at all), the British provincial governor still controlled tax, justice and the police.

Were the nationalists satisfied? No, the Act took 4 years to bring about Also, the Rowlatt Act 1919 continued the emergency (DORA-like) provisions of the 1915 Defence of India Act, such as trial without jury, detention without trial, etc, into peacetime And, before the Mont-ford reforms became law, the Amritsar massacre took place.

Which statements do you most agree with? a) The British began to devolve power to India after the First World War as a reward for her loyalty b) The British began to devolve power to India after the First World War because the force of nationalism made appeasement necessary a) Indians had significantly more say in their own affairs after 1919 than before b) The Government of India Act hardly increased Indian self-rule

Nationalism during the first world war For homework you should have completed your table about nationalism in WW1 - examples of progress, weaknesses and strengthening of British control Ensure this is completed in sufficient detail to enable you to use it for your essay

Audit of war essay feedback This was marked against the marking criteria your final essay will be marked with (not including 10 marks for the source evaluation essay) Let’s go through the success criteria and then I’ll return your essays with annotated mark schemes