September 2014

 History is a study of the past that affects people. It is based upon the interpretation of evidence  Does not focus on every event. Only those with historical significance.  Survives if there is some evidence.

 Evidence gives us proof that something happened.  Two sources:  1. Primary evidence: comes from the time of the event. i.e. an eyewitness, newspaper article, film footage, audio tape.

 School, town, province, movies, novels, plaques, monuments  Name some of ten ways we remember our past? Discuss

 2. Secondary Evidence: Produced after the event. Examples include books, journals and magazine articles

 Learn who we are, where we came from, and why the world has turned out the way it has.  Teaches us a sense of change over time.  Gives us inspiration.  Sense of identity.  Gives us an opportunity to learn from the past

 Any questions?  Read pp. 2-9  Have a great weekend!

 Canada was a young country  Laurier was Prime Minister. First French Canadian PM. Came to power in 1896  Much optimism: Expansion west, industry booming, Can-US relations were improving, important colony of the British Empire

 Challenges: west not settled. Factory workers worked in slums and poor conditions, French were unhappy, aboriginal peoples and women lived on the margins and intolerance and racism affected many

 Land of Opportunity:  Canada had an open door policy. Those who Sifton felt could endure, settle the west  One of Laurier’s biggest successes was increasing Canada’s population  Laurier’s success is evident in the numbers as Canada’s population jumped from 5,370,000 to 8,000,000 between 1896 – 1914  The foundation for the cultural mosaic that we currently have was laid during Laurier’s rule

 Immigration: People moving into a country  Push factors: Conditions driving people from one country  Pull factors: Conditions in another country which are deemed desirable

 Population increased from 4 million to 8 million from 1901 to 1914  Ethic composition changed: Most were British or American. Came from Ukraine, Germany, Iceland, Holland, Norway

 Eastern Europeans  African Americans  Sikhs  Chinese  Japanese  ers/pioneers11_e.html

 Immigrants: People who come into a country  Emigrants: people who move within a country or leave for another

 Railway Boom:  Large scale immigration out west  CPR was an important link  Carried settler, products west  Grain traveled east  Increased demand  Increased construction  1867: 3666 km. By 1914: 49,588  Cities and towns grew up along the rail lines and stations

 BY 1923 we saw the Canadian government take over the Grand Trunk and the Canadian Northern. The Canadian National Railway was formed  Why? WWI

 Groundwork for multiculturalism was developed  English, French, aboriginal, Ukrainian, German settlers arrived  Canada had people from many diverse ethnic origins

 Cities grew by leaps and bounds  Moved to cities to find new jobs in factories and city infrastructure  By 1910 there were the same number of people living in the city as in the rural areas

 Districts could not afford to provide new schools and other government services  Promised grants  In lieu of control over their resources  Manitoba joined in 1870  BC in 1871  PEI in 1873  Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905  By 1912 provincial boundaries were settled

 Capitalist economy: people invested private money to make money  People moved to the cities  Required manufactured goods (furniture, appliances)  People were less self sufficient  Factories provided hundreds of jobs  Unions developed to protect wages and improve working conditions

 Primary Industry:Industries that gather natural or raw materials (fish, trees, minerals)  Economy shifted from primary to secondary industries  Secondary Industry:Industries that produce finished products from primary goods  Increased growth for consumer goods

 New factories made nails, wire, furniture, appliances, flour, canned meats, tractors, brooms, stoves, bicycles and automobiles

 Tertiary Industries:These are service industries. Transportation, banking, utilities, restaurants

 Why should we study history?  What were the reasons for optimism in Canada at the turn of the 20 th century?  What were the challenges?  What does the term immigration mean?  What are pull factors? What were the pull factors for immigrants to Canada?  What are push factors?

 1.Who we are, came from, sense of identity, and learn from the past  2.Expansion west, booming industry, important colony  3.West not settled, poor conditinos, French unhappy, women on margins and racisim  4.People moving to a country  5.Conditiona make it attractive to move. Free land  6.Push factors drive people from a country

 The media campaign became to attract settlers to the Canadian west.  It was a phrase used to market the Canadian Prairies to prospective immigrants  Sifton believed Canada needed to create a new image for itself & launched a media campaign unlike anything previously seen in order to do so

 What forms of media do our current government use to inform people about its policies?  Any suggestions/idea about the media that was used by Laurier & Sifton?

 On the following slides are images associated with the Last Best West immigration advertising campaign that was launched by Clifford Sifton & the Laurier government  As we view, make note of the various pull factors contained within them that was intended to showcase Canada as an attract place to live for the prospective immigrants

 Back during Laurier’s rule, media was much different  It consisted of flooding the ‘desirable countries’ with phamplets, posters, maps, exhibition wagons, silent films, & advertisements promising free land in the “Last, Best West”

 These three cards advertise "160 acres of free land in Canada" in Croat, Ukrainian and Czech, respectively. Thousands of these cards in many European languages, were circulated by mail in eastern and central Europe between 1900 and 1905.

 Settlers were enticed to come here with the promise of free land  British, Americans, German, Swedes, Ukrainians, Dutch, Icelanders, Norwegians, Russians, & others

 To conclude this section  1. Last Best West (Canada A People’s History) 1. Last Best West

 We have examined the campaign to promote Canada which enticed immigrants with nothing but positive characteristics  In actuality, life in the Canadian West was much different for the new immigrants than what the posters and the media set it out to be

 While Sifton advertised that settlers could claim up to 160 acres of free land in Canada, this claim wasn't entirely true.  Settlers still had to pay a land registration fee of $10 - or roughly $150 in modern-day currency under the Dominion Lands Act.

 This also didn't cover the cost of equipment and animals for the land, not to mention the cost of building shelter.  Many settlers during their first year would build sod houses (soddies), as they simply couldn't afford to build their own homes out of lumber.),

 Why were some groups encouraged to immigrate?  Why were some groups discouraged to immigrate?

 Gvt immigration policy at this time was “Open Door” but very selective  It was open door policy when it came to immigrants from Britain, USA, north – central Europe  It was selective when it came to East Asian, African American, and Jewish immigrants

 The federal government approved of the entry of many groups because they were adept at farming  Mennonites from Europe Mennonites  Doukhobors from Russia Doukhobors  Mormons from the United States Mormons  Sifton believed that "a stalwart peasant in a sheepskin coat" made the most desirable immigrant, and set out to attract people suited for farming.

 Favoured immigrants to Canada's West from certain regions believed to have the settlers best suited to life on the Prairies.  Support the immigration of those who came from the following regions in this exact order of preference:  nearby Canadian provinces  Britain  the United States  northwestern Europe

 Legislation was passed in 1908 requiring all immigrants to come to Canada directly from their country of origin.  This shut off immigration from India, since there was no direct steamship line.  On May 23, 1914, 376 prospective East Indian immigrants arrived in Vancouver Harbour on board the Komagatu Maru.

 It stayed there with its human cargo for two months while the legality of an exclusion order was tested.  The order was upheld and the vessel and passengers were sent back to sea cheered on by local residents.

 While the majority of immigrants in the years came to farm the West, many Europeans also settled in other parts of Canada based on employment opportunities  Immigrants found work on the expanding railways and mines, in lumber camps of Northern Ontario & the Maritimes

 Despite the employment opps just mentioned, about 50% of newly arriving immigrants at this time decided on a urban rather than rural life (city over country life…Winnipeg, Edmonton, Montreal, Toronto)  Any suggestions what may have caused this rural to urban shift?

 Many of our cities in the early 20 th century contained new factories in need of workers  Many newly arrived immigrants in desperate need of employment found it in these factories, prompting them to settle there  City populations expanded as a result

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 What are your thoughts on Canadian immigration policy at the turn of the 20 th century?  Was it successful?  What do you think of the treatment of the people on the Komagatu Maru?  Would you accept Harper’s apology?

 Many changes as new technologies introduced  Improvements in farming led to a surplus of workers  Workers headed to the cities

 Cities began industrializing: Development of big industries and factories  Industrialization was significant: 1. Factories using mass production were a source of jobs for people moving to the cities 2. Divrsification in the economy. Not so reliant on agriculture

 Accompanied the shift toward industrialization  New inventions changes peoples lives  i.e. cars, bikes, washing machines  Changes affected all areas of Canadian lives – from recreation, entertainment and domestic lives

 Newspapers emerged  Significant because it shaped thinking and opinions of large numbers of people  The availability of new ideas and world news would have a huge impact on the 2oth century

 Read pp  What technological advances have occurred in your lifetime?

 For women, the change was the focus to work outside the home  Saw increased education, organizations for increased social justice, and the movement to universal suffrage

 Women were granted the right to vote in 1917

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 Children were seen as economic assets in textile miles, businesses and mines  Industrialization and urbanization created more opportunities  Early 20 th century we saw the development of compulsory education  Prohibition of child labor in early 20 th century.

 Working and living conditions were poor  New class, called the urban poor emerged  Government did not feel responsibility  Other groups did

 As immigrants and people from farms moved, cities became overcrowded  Need for housing was greater than availability  Workers earned low salaries  Families lived in one room  Landlords did not make repairs  Dirty air and water  Contaminated milk, outdoor toilets

 1 in 4 babies died before first birthday  Amounts spent by governments was low  Fight was left to private charities and individuals  Examples include Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), and Salvation Army  Worked to fight worker exploitation, poverty, disease, crime and lack of education

 Work places were dark and uncomfortable  Poorly ventilated  Hours long and wages low  Machinery designed for efficiency and not safety

 As a consequence of poor working conditions and low pay, many workers joined unions  Unions are groups of employees joined together to bargain with employers  In 1901 there were 1078 unions  In 10 years time, the number of unions doubled

 Unions that organized early 20 th century Canada included:  1.Ontario Farmers Association (1902)  2.Territorial Grain Growers’ Association (1905)  3.Manitoba Grain Growers’ Association (1902)

 4.Fisherman’s Protective Union (FPU):  Founded by William Coaker  It was the first serious attempt to organize fishermen as a political movement along class lines.  With a rallying cry of "to each his own“  The FPU sought to achieve reforms in Newfoundland society  Wanted to attain an equitable distribution of wealth in the fishing industryfishing industry

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 Non-English speaking immigrants had more difficulties being accepted  Often banded together in communities or neighborhoods in cities  Led to suspicion, intolerance and racism  Many demanded “keep Canada white”

 Federal government created a head tax  Head tax was a tax on Chinese immigrants to enter Canada ($500)  Still some found a better life  Read pp

 Aboriginal Acts (1876 & 1895) began assimilating native peoples  Creation of residential schools. Administered by federal government  Removed from families, exposed to sexual and physical abuse

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 What is it?  Foreign investment is the ownership of one country by people living in another country  i.e. Canadian citizens investing in the USA

 British investment fueled economic expansion second half of 19 th century  This continued  A rapid increase of American investment  Possible the development of new technology  Pulp and paper mills in Ontario, Quebec and BC

 Americans set-up branch plants in Canada  A plant or factory in one country whose headquarters is on another  In 1904 Henry Ford set-up the first Canadian car factory  By 1912 there were 451 companies with branch plants in Canada

 What was the result?  Jobs were created  Increased Canada’s wealth  Concerns about how this was affecting Canadians (poor pay, poor working conditions)

 Relations were tense  Disputes were not resolved  US was showing signs of imperialism  Took over Hawaii, Guam, Philippines and Puerto Rico in  Strong influence over Cuba

 American philosophy was to walk softly but carry a big stick  Canada had poor defense. Little equipment and poor training  British troops were withdrawn

 Americans purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867  Cost was $7.2 million  Canadian boundary was unclear  Problem when gold was discovered in the Yukon in 1898

 Thousands of miners poured into the area looking to get rich

 Canada and US claimed different boundaries  Was the boundary from the coastline or from the inlet?

 In 1903 a tribunal was established to settle the matter  Americans appointed 3 members. Canada appointed 2. Final member was appointed by Britain

 Panel ruled in favor of the Americans  Many Canadians were angered  Upset at Britain  Didn’t protect Canadian rights

 Read pp  Answer questions 1-4 on page 56

 A 1911 Conservative campaign poster warns that the big American companies ("trusts") will hog all the benefits of reciprocity as proposed by Liberals, leaving little left over for Canadian interests.

 1.What was the Boer War?  2.How was Canada divided?  3.What was Laurier’s solution?

 Canada was a young country  Confederation in 1867  Was a colony of Britain

 Canada was rapidly expanding at the turn of the 20 th century:  Industry  Railroad  West  Cities  Did have our troubles (discrimination, women’s rights, urban poor)

 There were many ideas about what it was to be a Canadian  1.Some felt they were Canadian citizens in the British Empire  2.Some felt union with the US was best  3.Others saw themselves just as Canadians  4.Quebec nationalists wanted separation from Britain (Didn’t want to be drawn into another war)

 Laurier said, “I do not see myself as an imperialist. Neither do I pretend to be an anti-imperialist. I am Canadian, first, last, and all time”  Read pp.57-61