Mineral Resources and Mining 13 CHAPTER Image: http://www.geologycafe.com/class/chapter2.html

Mining for . . . Cell Phones? Large reserves of the metal tantalum are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in Africa. Tantalum jumped in value in the 1990s as high-tech devices that need tantalum, such as cell phones, became common. There is international concern regarding the role tantalum mining has played in the extended conflict in the Congo. Talk About It Is it important to think about the sources of the minerals we use?

Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Over 4000 minerals have been identified, but only 1% of these are common in Earth’s crust. Amethyst

Definite Chemical Composition Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks What Are Minerals? Minerals are: _______ ________ (no C-H bonds) __________ ______ With a ___________________________* *Can vary over a limited range that does not affect the crystal structure Natural Inorganic Crystalline Pyrite (Fool’s Gold) Solid Definite Chemical Composition

What Are Minerals? Inorganic __________ substances are not made of _____________ or the ________ of living things. *No Carbon-Hydrogen Bonds Living Things Remains NOR

What Are Minerals? Element A mineral may be an _________ (Native element, Ex.: ________). A mineral may be a ___________ (Ex.: _______---SiO2) The two most abundant elements found in minerals are ________ and _______. Copper Compound Quartz Silicon Oxygen

Mineral or NOT Steel Not a mineral. Man-made Lumber Not a mineral Organic Coal Not a mineral Organic

Mineral or NOT Oil “Hope Diamond” Not a mineral Mineral Liquid and Organic “Hope Diamond” Mineral

Properties of Minerals Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Properties of Minerals Property Description Color A few minerals can be identified by their color. But color varies in most minerals depending on how they form. Streak The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder. Although mineral color may vary, streak color does not. Luster How light is reflected off a mineral’s surface is called luster. It may be described as glassy, earthy, silky, metallic, etc. Crystal A mineral can be identified by the particular arrangement of its atoms. Hardness Mohs scale ranks mineral hardness 1–10. 1 = talc, which can be scratched by a fingernail. 10 = diamond, which can scratch all known common minerals. Cleavage A mineral that splits easily along a flat surface and forms a new “face” is said to have cleavage. Fracture Minerals that break irregularly, rather than leaving a flat surface, have fracture, not cleavage. Density Each mineral has a characteristic density—mass per unit volume.

Same Mineral Different Colors Least Useful Property ____________________ in mineral identification Small amounts of different __________ or formation conditions can give the ________________________. Ex. Quartz Elements Same Mineral Different Colors

different minerals are the same color Some ________________________________. different minerals are the same color All of these minerals have a green color however, they are all very different. Calcite Fluorite Smithsonite

Streak Powdered Color Streak The color of a mineral in its ____________ form. The ________ of a mineral can vary from sample to sample, but the _________ doesn’t. Ex. Hematite Color Streak Image: http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/rocks/minerals/streak.htm

Luster Light Used to describe how _____ is reflected from the surface of a mineral. Luster can be _______ or __________. Metallic Non-Metallic

Luster Glassy Quartz – _______ Luster Mica – _______ Luster Kaolin – _______ Luster Gypsum (satin spar) – _____ Luster Talc – _____ Luster Glassy Pearly Earthy Silky Waxy

Crystal Structure internal arrangement of atoms Crystal Room The visible expression of a mineral’s _________ _______________________. Every mineral has a distinct ________ form. Usually only happens when there is enough _______ to grow. Ex. Cubic: Calcite arrangement of atoms Crystal Room http://www.es.ucl.ac.uk/schools/Glossary/calcite.jpg

Hardness Resistance Scratched Mohs Talc Diamond A measure of the ____________ of a mineral to being ____________. Standard scale of hardness called the ______ Hardness Scale (scale of 1-10; 10 is hardest). ______ is softest and ___________ is the hardest. Scratched Mohs Talc Diamond

Hardness

Breakage Cleavage Flat, Even ___________ - the tendency of a mineral to cleave or break along __________ surfaces. Ex. Mica—cleaves along one flat plane (breaks the silicon-oxygen bond)   Flat, Even http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/geol101/Labs/Minerals/Images/min19b.jpg

Breakage Fracture Uneven breakage Curved Splinter into fibers 2. _________-the _________________ of a mineral. Minerals that break into smooth, __________ surfaces (Ex. Quartz) show conchoidal fracture Some minerals _____________________ (Ex. Asbestos) Some minerals have an ___________ fracture Uneven breakage Curved Splinter into fibers Irregular http://www.mesotheliomatreatmentcenters.org/images/asbestos-pictures/asbestos-fibers2.jpg http://geology.com/minerals/photos/quartz-conchoidal-482.jpg

Density _____________(D = M/V) The density of a pure mineral is a __________. Mass per Volume Constant value

Crystallization from magma or lava Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Formation Minerals can form in four ways: ______________________________ _________ (inside the Earth) cools slowly and forms large crystals _______ (on Earth’s surface) cools quickly and forms small crystals ________________ – a liquid in a solution evaporates & the remaining solids crystalize Crystallization from magma or lava Magma Lava Precipitation Salt basins of the Sierra Nevada The Miwok people filled these basins with water from a salt spring and let it evaporate, to form salt for trading.

Temperature & Pressure Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Formation Minerals can form in four ways: 3) ____________________________ Great changes in temperature or pressure may cause one mineral to change into another _____________ – minerals which consist of the same ____________ but have difference __________ structures due to different formation conditions Ex. ____________ (formed in the mantle) & _____________ (formed in the crust) Temperature & Pressure Polymorph Elements Crystal Diamond Graphite

Mineral Formation Produced by Organisms Support Calcium Carbonate Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Formation Minerals can form in four ways: 4) __________________________ Organisms form inorganic minerals to produce hard structures that provide protection or ___________ Ex. _______________________ in Shells & Coral & Calcium Phosphate in fish bones Produced by Organisms Support Calcium Carbonate

Mineral Classes Elements Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Mineral Classes Elements Minerals are classified based on their ____________ or compounds.

Rocks Made up of Minerals One Type Different NOT MADE UP Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Rocks Rocks are naturally occurring solids ________________________ and mineral-like materials Rocks can be made up of ___________ of mineral or many ____________ types of minerals (and mineral-like materials) A mineral is ______ a rock, rocks are _____________ of minerals Made up of Minerals One Type Different NOT MADE UP

Rocks Rock Cycle Heating Weathering Lesson 13.1 Minerals and Rocks Rocks Rock Cycle The ____________ slowly changes rocks from one type to another through ________, melting, cooling, _____________, and erosion. Three types: igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic Heating Weathering Image: http://amaderchat.com/the-rock/

_______ rocks are formed from the __________________. Igneous Rocks _______ rocks are formed from the __________________. Igneous Cooling of Liquid Rock

Igneous Rocks Intrusive Deep Beneath Large Granite 2 Main Types of Igneous Rocks: 1) ___________ igneous rocks Form ________________the surface and have been cooling for millions of years. These rocks are characterized by _______ crystals. Ex. _________ Intrusive Deep Beneath Large Granite

Igneous Rocks Extrusive Surface Cools Rapidly Obsidian or Pumice 2 Main Types of Igneous Rocks: 2) ____________ igneous rocks – Form on the __________ of the earth. When lava erupts out of a volcano it ________________ and there is little to no crystal growth. Ex. _____________________ Extrusive Surface Cools Rapidly Obsidian or Pumice

Igneous Rocks

Sedimentary Rocks Accumulation Sediment Rocks Minerals Made from an _______________ of various types of ______________. What is sediment? Fragments that result from the weathering of ______, ___________, and ___________________. Ex. Gravel, clay, silt, pebbles, sand, mud, shells, dirt Sediment Rocks Minerals Organic Material

Sedimentary Rocks Under Water Limestone Most sedimentary rocks form _______________. Ex. ____________ Limestone Limestone is a rock that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. It can form organically from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris. It can also form chemically from the precipitation of calcium carbonate from lake or ocean water. Limestone is used in many ways. Some of the most common are: production of cement, crushed stone and acid neutralization Rock Salt is a chemical sedimentary rock that forms from the evaporation of ocean or saline lake waters. It is also known by the mineral name "halite". It is rarely found at Earth's surface, except in areas of very arid climate. It is often mined for use in the chemical industry or for use as a winter highway treatment. Some halite is processed for use as a seasoning for food.

Sedimentary Rocks Compaction Water & Air Cementation Cement Sediments Sedimentary Rock Forms Through These 4 Processes: 1) _____________: sediments are pushed together and as a result, ___________ are squeezed out. 2) ______________: water passes through the sediments and dissolved minerals left behind act as a ________ to hold the ___________ together. Compaction Water & Air Cementation Cement Sediments

Sedimentary Rocks Precipitation Clump Together Evaporation Sedimentary Rock Forms Through These 4 Processes: 3) _____________: minerals ______________ and fall out of solution 4) _____________: Water evaporates and leaves ____________________ behind. Precipitation Clump Together Evaporation Dissolved Minerals

Sedimentary Rock Clastic Other Rocks Weathered Sandstone Shale There are 3 types of sedimentary rock: 1) __________: Formed from fragments of _______________ which have been ______________ and eroded Ex. _____________ (sand) & ________ (silt or clay) Clastic Other Rocks Weathered Sandstone Shale

Sedimentary Rock Chemical Dissolved Settle Evaporates There are 3 types of sedimentary rock: 2) ______________: Formed from minerals that were once _______________ in water. Either the minerals “________” out of the water (precipitates) or the water _______________ leaving the minerals behind (evaporites) Ex. Chemical Limestone (CaCO3) Gypsum (CaSO4), halite (NaCl) Chemical Dissolved Settle Evaporates

Sedimentary Rock Biochemical Animals Plants There are 3 types of sedimentary rock: 3) ________________ Formed from the remains or traces of _____________ and/or __________ Ex. Coal (plants), chalk (animal skeletons), organic limestone (shells-CaCO3) Biochemical Animals Plants

White Chalk Cliff in Dover, England

Sedimentary Rocks Stratification Kind Features: ________________: (aka. Layering) occurs when there is a change in the _______ of sediment deposited. Ex. Grand Canyon Stratification Kind

Sedimentary Rocks Ripple Marks Wind or Water Features: _________________: formed from the action of __________________ on sand (seen in sandstone) Ripple Marks Wind or Water Ripple marks in sedimentary rock were emplaced in sediments by near shore wave action, covered by additional sediments, and eventually lithified into a solid rock which becomes exposed by weathering and erosion of overlying material over large expanses of time. 

Sedimentary Rocks Fossils Features: __________: remains or traces of plants and/or animals Fossils http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.treasure-hunting-team.com/Pictures/Fossil-Fish-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.treasure-hunting-team.com/a27-treasure-hunting-for-fossil-fish.php&usg=__811kSGYVnjP_BCYdRMYnm_W1gOQ=&h=351&w=468&sz=39&hl=en&start=0&sig2=kGN8z_T0tf_SN3pX-sLBkA&zoom=1&tbnid=CIxmWv3evjEsOM:&tbnh=156&tbnw=208&ei=4SxMTaGaE8ycgQeX6IHoDw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfossil%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D685%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=785&vpy=124&dur=1303&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=97&ty=86&oei=4SxMTaGaE8ycgQeX6IHoDw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0 http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/mcabee/Camaecyparis/Camaecyparis.htm

Metamorphic Rocks Other Rocks Pressure Heat Below the Surface Rock formed from ________________ (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) as a result of intense ________ (from magma) and _____________ (plate tectonics). Most metamorphic rock forms _____________________ of the earth. Heat Pressure Below the Surface http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.treasure-hunting-team.com/Pictures/Fossil-Fish-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.treasure-hunting-team.com/a27-treasure-hunting-for-fossil-fish.php&usg=__811kSGYVnjP_BCYdRMYnm_W1gOQ=&h=351&w=468&sz=39&hl=en&start=0&sig2=kGN8z_T0tf_SN3pX-sLBkA&zoom=1&tbnid=CIxmWv3evjEsOM:&tbnh=156&tbnw=208&ei=4SxMTaGaE8ycgQeX6IHoDw&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfossil%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D685%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=785&vpy=124&dur=1303&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=97&ty=86&oei=4SxMTaGaE8ycgQeX6IHoDw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0 http://www.fossilmuseum.net/Fossil_Sites/mcabee/Camaecyparis/Camaecyparis.htm

Contact __________ metamorphism occurs when the heat from hot magma changes the composition of surrounding rocks. ___________ metamorphism occurs over large areas of tectonic activity. Regional

Metamorphic rocks are classified according to their _______. Foliated or Nonfoliated? Structure

Metamorphic Rocks Foliated Pressure Parallel Densities ____________ flattens the mineral crystals and pushes them into ___________ bands. Minerals with different _______________ separate into different bands EX. Slate, schist, gneiss Pressure Parallel Densities

No Visible Parallel Bands Metamorphic Rocks Nonfoliated ______________________________ EX. Quartzite, marble No Visible Parallel Bands Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone. It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate. 

Metamorphic Rocks Parent Rocks Shale (sedimentary) → Slate Slate (metamorphic) → Schist Schist (metamorphic) → Gneiss Granite (igneous) → Gneiss Limestone (sedimentary) → Marble Sandstone (sedimentary) → Quartz

Shale Slate Schist Gneiss

Lesson 13.2 Mining More than a ton of waste may remain after extracting just a few hundredths of an ounce of gold.

What Is Mined? Groups of Minerals Metal Gemstones & Sand Lesson 13.2 Mining What Is Mined? Groups of Minerals Ores: ______________________ that are mined so ________ or metals can be removed Nonmetallic minerals: Minerals that as a whole have valuable properties Ex. _____________________ Fuels: Minerals that can be used to _________________ Ex. Coal & Uranium Metal Gemstones & Sand Generate Energy

Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods From initial exploration to disposal, mining and mineral use involves many steps.

Mining Methods Strip Mining Surface Soil & Rock Shallow, Horizontal Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Strip Mining Surface Soil & Rock _______________ – layers of ______________________ are removed from large areas of land to expose a resource Used when a resource occurs in _____________________ deposits Used for coal, sand & gravel Shallow, Horizontal

Mining Methods Subsurface Mining Horizontal Tunnels Deep Underground Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods 2) ______________________ – vertical shafts are dug deep into the ground & networks of ______________________ are dug of blasted out to follow deposits of a resource Used when resources are concentrated in pockets or seams _______________________ Subsurface Mining Horizontal Tunnels Deep Underground Did You Know? Some subsurface mines in South Africa extend 4 km underground.

Mining Methods Open Pit Mining Large Hole Widely & Evenly Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Open Pit Mining Large Hole 3) ___________________ – digging a ______________ and removing ore and the unwanted rock that surrounds the ore Used when a mineral is ____________________ distributed throughout a rock formation or when the ground is unsuitable for tunneling Widely & Evenly

Mining Methods Mountaintop Removal Blasted Away Hundreds Coal Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Mountaintop Removal 4) __________________________ – forests are clear cut, topsoil is removed and rock is ________________ to expose a resource. Repeated cycles of blasting can remove ____________ of feet of mountaintop Used primarily for ______ Blasted Away Hundreds Coal

Mining Methods Solution Mining Leach Salt Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Solution Mining 5) __________________– a chemical solution or water is pumped into a mine to _________ the desired resource out of an ore Mostly used to remove _____ Leach Salt

Mining Methods Placer Mining Riverbed California Gold Rush Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Placer Mining 6) ________________ – sifting through material in modern or ancient ____________ deposits Running water is used to separate mud from valuable minerals Ex. ________________________ of 1849 Riverbed California Gold Rush

Mining Methods Undersea Mining Undersea Dredging Hydrothermal Lesson 13.2 Mining Mining Methods Undersea Mining 7) ____________________ – mining that takes place _____________ Includes ____________(vacuuming up materials) Exploration of _________________ vents Undersea Dredging Hydrothermal

Processing Ore Ore is crushed Metals & Tailings One Ton Lesson 13.2 Mining Processing Ore Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain: _________________ & ground. Crushed ore is separated into _______________________ *Tailing – waste product The extraction of a few hundredths of an ounce of gold can produce ____________ of tailings Ore is crushed Metals & Tailings One Ton

Processing Ore Smelting Melting Lesson 13.2 Mining Processing Ore Ores must be processed to gain access to the metals they contain: 3) Concentrated metals are further processed, often by ______________. *Smelting – heating ore beyond its _________ point Smelting Melting

Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation There are about $314 million worth of metals contained in unused cell phones in the United States alone.

Environmental Impacts of Mining Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Environmental Impacts of Mining Erosion Increased __________ Sediment and debris ____________________. ______ drainage – when _______________ in rocks is exposed to oxygen and water it can form ________________ which leaches off metals and washes into waterways ___________________ – tailings leak out of impoundments or dams _______________ Disruption of _________ ecosystems (undersea mining) Clog Waterways Acid Iron Sulfide Sulfuric Acid Water Pollution Air Pollution Ocean

Acid Drainage and the Metals it Leaches Off

Social Impacts of Mining Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Social Impacts of Mining Mountain Removal Property damage caused by _______________________ or mine collapse

Social Impacts of Mining Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Social Impacts of Mining Money & Jobs Although mining can bring _________________ to poor areas of the world, ____________________ can arise over mineral rights. Ex. Diamonds in West Africa Violent Conflicts

Social Impacts of Mining Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Social Impacts of Mining Health Mining can be hazardous to the _________ of the miners. Ex. ____________________________________________________ Black Lung Disease & Mine Collapse

General Mining Law of 1872 Regulate Promoted Metallic Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation General Mining Law of 1872 Regulate Created rules to __________ mining activity, but also ___________ mining Governs the mining of ___________ minerals (gold), uranium, materials used for building & diamonds Public land can be claimed and leased from the government for mining by: A ___________________________________ A person who has declared intent to become a citizen A ______________ with permission to do business in the US Promoted Metallic US Citizen of Legal Age Company

General Mining Law of 1872 NOT Profits Earned $5 per acre Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation General Mining Law of 1872 Whoever holds the lease has the sole right to minerals taken from the claimed area Lease holder does ______ have to pay the government any part of the ___________________ from the land Claim owners can file to patent, or own, the land for __________________ Amendments are currently being considered NOT Profits Earned $5 per acre 20 acres can be claimed for mining as long as $100/year is spent

Rental Fees & Royalties Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Mining Leasing Act of 1920 Fossil Fuels Developed due to the discovered worth of ______________ Governs the leasing of public lands for fossil fuel, phosphate, sodium, and sulfur mining. Annuals ___________________________ are on the products extracted must be payed by the people who lease land for this purpose Rental Fees & Royalties

Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (1977) Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (1977) Land must be ____________ after a mining operation is complete Mining companies must post bonds to cover reclamation costs _______________________a mining operation Companies must: Remove ________________ built Replace the rocks and soil that were removed Fill in _________ Plant vegetation Even when all of the requirements are met, the land is still not _____________________ prior to mining Restored Prior to Beginning Structures Shaft Exactly like it was

Reclamation http://technology.infomine.com/BCLandReclamation/BCReclamation_files/image001.jpg

http://www. energie-as http://www.energie-as.cz/cs/images/content/sanace-dolu-odvalu-katerina.jpg

http://worldcoir. files. wordpress. com/2010/02/ex-mining-reclamations http://worldcoir.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/ex-mining-reclamations.jpg

Mine Safety Ventilation Under 12 29 Miners Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Mine Safety First law, passed in 1891, established ______________ requirements for coal mines and prohibited miners ___________. Today, the Federal Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977 regulates mine safety. In 2010, an underground explosion in a West Virginia mine killed _____________. Ventilation Under 12 29 Miners

Responsible Mineral Use Lesson 13.3 Mining Impacts and Regulation Responsible Mineral Use Nonrenewable Minerals are __________________ resources. Reducing use, reusing, and recycling minerals can help minimize the negative impacts of mining and address limited supplies. Did You Know? Extracting aluminum ore takes 20 times more energy than obtaining it from recycled sources.