The American Civil War (1861-1865) Melinda Moore

Border States / slave states / stayed in Union Delaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri 2

35. Lincoln wanted to hold on to border states; 35. Lincoln wanted to hold on to border states; *Losing border states would increase Confederacy population. **Border states surrounded our nation’s capital. 36. West Virginia 3

BEGINNING GOALS 37. Yankees – Union – North -wanted to preserve the Union 37. Rebels – Confederacy – South -wanted to preserve their way of life even if it meant independence 4

Railroad Lines, 1860 5

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War 6

39. Rebels – Confederacy – South Advantages: 38. Yankees – Union – North -larger, free population -more manufacturing capabilities -more railroads -stronger navy -volunteers -Lincoln 39. Rebels – Confederacy – South -knowledge of countryside -fought mostly a defensive war -fought for their property -great generals/Lee 7

“I cannot raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home “I cannot raise my hand against my relatives, my children, my home.” 40. Robert E. Lee 8

41. General Winfield Scott’s 3-step strategy to defeat the South: capture Richmond take control of Mississippi River use navy to blockade Southern ports 42. Union’s strategy - Anaconda Plan 9

43. MS River supplied Confederate troops with supplies from the West. 10

44. The Confederate “White House” in Richmond, VA located 100 miles from Washington D.C. 11

45. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861 (first major battle) 12

46. The Battle of the Merrimack (C) and the Monitor (U) marked the end of wooden warships. Merrimack was a Union war ship that was captured by the Confederate and covered with iron and renamed the Virginia. It faced the Union Monitor in a 4 hour battle. This battle changed naval warfare forever.Wooden warships became obsolete. 13

47. The bloodiest single day of fighting occurred along the Antietam Creek during the Battle of Antietam. (1862, over 23,000 casualties) A Bloody Day…   More men were killed or wounded at Antietam on September 17, 1862, than on any other single day of the Civil War. Federal losses were 12,410, Confederate losses 10,700. Although neither side gained a decisive victory, Lee's failure to carry the war effort effectively into the North caused Great Britain to postpone recognition of the Confederate government. The battle also gave President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which, on January 1, 1863, declared free all slaves in States still in rebellion against the United States. Now the war had a dual purpose: to preserve the Union and end slavery. When the battle was finished, nearly twice as many men had died in one single day at Sharpsburg as had fallen in the War of 1812, the Mexican War, and the Spanish-American War combined 14

48. Confederates accidentally shot Thomas Stonewall Jackson during the Battle of Chancellorsville – left his arm amputated and he died a few days later. \ This battle was considered by many historians to be Lee’s greatest victory. At the same time, the South lost one of its greatest strategic minds with the death of Stonewall Jackson. 15

49. BATTLE OF SHILOH April 1862, Grant overcame southern forces and took control of western Tennessee getting the Union closer to controlling the MS River. Confederate      Union

50. The Emancipation Proclamation (1-1-1863) 17

3 reasons that Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. 1. gain support of antislavery groups 2. broaden the goals of the war 3. discourage foreign powers from helping the South. 18

African-American Recruiting Poster 19

51. The Famous 54th Massachusetts 20

52. Hardships: poor camp Biggest problem: conditions disease and infection deadly weapons 21

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863 22

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) 23

54. Income tax 53. Copperheads *did not support war *wanted to end the War *tax people’s earnings 24

55. Women of the Civil War: Clara Barton-Union nurse/founded Red Cross Worked on farms and industries Gave out medical supplies Raised money Made uniforms/weapons Disguised as men/fought in battle Spies

56. Ulysses S. Grant Hiram Ulysses Grant Union General “Unconditional Surrender” Lincoln’s man to win The most famous early use of the phrase occurred during the 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson in the American Civil War. Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant of the Union Army received a request for terms from the fort's commanding officer, Confederate Brigadier General Simon Bolivar Buckner. Grant's reply was that "no terms except unconditional and immediate surrender can be accepted. I propose to move immediately upon your works." When news of Grant's victory—one of the Union's first in the Civil War—was received in Washington, D.C., newspapers remarked (and President Abraham Lincoln endorsed) that Ulysses S. Grant's first two initials, "U.S.," stood for "Unconditional Surrender," which would later become his nickname. 26

Grant’s strategy on Vicksburg 56. siege -a military blockade of an enemy in order to force a surrender 6 weeks for Grant to take Vicksburg 27

Starving residents ate horses, mules, and dogs. Citizens – forced to 56. Grant’s forces cut off the supply lines to Vicksburg in a strategy called a siege- blockade of a city. Vicksburg - blocked the Mississippi River where the South was getting its supplies. Starving residents ate horses, mules, and dogs. Citizens – forced to stay in city July 4, 1863 – Confederates surrendered 28

57. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted 3 days 57. The Battle of Gettysburg lasted 3 days. It was a victory for the North and considered the turning point of the War. 29

58. “Pickett’s Charge” was a failure. n July 3, 1863, Union troops repelled a massive artillery assault on Cemetery Ridge during the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg in southern Pennsylvania. During the early morning hours Confederate General Robert E. Lee ordered General Longstreet to prepare General Pickett's troops for the assault. Longstreet advised Lee of his reservations about the success of such an advance, which he did not feel Confederate troops could sustain. Lee disregarded Longstreet and maintained his order for a heavy bombardment of Union defenses on the Ridge followed by an advance of Pickett's men. After two hours of heavy shelling, Confederate Colonel Alexander sent word to General Pickett that the Union troops were withdrawing and encouraged him to come quickly in the interval. Pickett sent his note to General Longstreet who, based on Lee's orders and despite his own reservations, approved the charge. The attack, commonly known as Pickett's Charge or Longstreet's Assault, was an attempt to penetrate the center of Union forces on Cemetery Ridge. During the attack, only one Confederate brigade temporarily reached the top of the ridge—afterwards called the high watermark of the Confederacy—led by Brigadier General Lewis Armistead who, just before being shot, yelled, "Give them cold steel, boys!" The charge ultimately proved disastrous for the Confederates, with casualties approaching 60 percent. As a consequence, Confederate General Robert E. Lee was forced to retreat and ultimately abandon his attempt to reach Washington, D.C. via Pennsylvania. 58. “Pickett’s Charge” was a failure.

Gettysburg Casualties 31

59. Gettysburg Address “We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain……and that government of the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.” This is a quote from the Gettysburg Address. 32

The Battle of Chickamauga The last major Confederate victory of the American Civil War. Coming after defeat at Gettysburg and the loss of Vicksburg, Chickamauga gave Confederate supporters a last brief hope of victory Battle of Chickamauga Creek, (September 19–20, 1863), in the American Civil War, a vital part of the maneuvering and fighting to control the railroad centre at nearby Chattanooga, Tennessee. Union General William S. Rosecrans had established his army at Chickamauga, Georgia, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Chattanooga. Confederate General Braxton Bragg collected reinforcements and prepared to do battle, assisted by General James Longstreet. For two days the conflict raged in a tangled forest along Chickamauga Creek. Dazed by the ferocious Confederate assault, the main body of the Union army gave way and retreated in disorder. Union General George H. Thomas, the “Rock of Chickamauga,” skillfully organized the defenses and withstood the attack until the assistance of a reserve corps made possible an orderly withdrawal to Chattanooga. Of 120,000 troops participating, casualties numbered 16,000 Union troops and 18,000 Confederate troops, making this one of the bloodiest engagements of the Civil War. Chickamauga was considered a decisive victory for the South, but General Bragg did not choose to follow it up, and two months later the results were completely nullified at the Battle of Chattanooga. In 1890 an Act of Congress created a national military park at the two battlegrounds. Bragg's strategy was to attack Rosecrans's left flank and smash the Union army by forcing it into a valley from which it could not retreat back to Chattanooga. However, assaults by Confederate troops were met with a withering response from soldiers commanded by George Henry Thomas. The day's fighting in the area's thick woods degenerated into vicious hand-to-hand combat that brought the Confederates only very small gains and heavy casualties on both sides. But confederates held out til nightfall Strategy: extra reinforcements; the need for a victory; geography of land

TOTAL WAR: 60. destroying food, supplies, transportation; whatever necessary 34

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) 35

61. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 36

62. Second Inaugural Address –March 4, 1865 “With malice toward none with charity for all, let us strive to bind the nation’s wounds………” One of the finest speeches in American history…… malice – desire to cause harm Pres. Lincoln (R) 37

63. Surrender at Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865 64. 4 years 38

65. Significant Results of War