Plant Kingdom NOTES #2

2 Main Categories of Plants: Nonvascular – no conducting tissue (no veins)

Vascular – have conducting tissue (have veins)

NONVASCULAR VS. VASCULAR Small Mostly found in water environment NO true roots, stems or leaves Examples: algae, moss & liverworts Large Land environment True stems, roots and leaves Examples: club mosses, ferns, gymnosperms & angiosperms

NONVASCULAR PLANTS 1. Algae Some unicellular, live in colonies, multicellular, classified by color – red, green & brown

Multicellular, first land plants, must live near moist environment 2. Mosses & Liverworts Multicellular, first land plants, must live near moist environment

ALGAE

No protective covering (no cuticle) ALGAE No protective covering (no cuticle)

Use water for support

Very thin (1-2 cells thick); absorb water by diffusion

No vascular tissue (veins)

Reproduction is dependent on water

No protective covering (no cuticle) Mosses & Liverworts No protective covering (no cuticle)

No supporting tissue (small & low to the ground)

No conducting tissue (no veins)

Thin, absorb water directly from environment

Reproduction is water dependent

MOSS

LIVERWORTS

VASCULAR PLANTS 1. Spore Plants Water dependent environment Examples: Club Mosses, Horsetails and Ferns

2. Seed Plants Water independent environment Examples: Gymnosperms & Angiosperms

Club Mosses & Horsetails Have a cuticle

Primitive vascular tissue – carries limited amounts of food and water

Limited size & thickness

No true stem, roots or leaves

Reproduction is water dependent; spores and gametes

CLUB MOSSES

HORSETAILS

FERNS Have a cuticle

Larger vascular tissue – larger size

No true stem, roots or leaves

Reproduction is water dependent – spores and gametes

FERN                                                    

GYMNOSPERMS Have cuticle and stomata (for gas exchange)

Improved vascular tissue – greater size & supportive tissue (wood)

Reproduction is water independent – wind carries the pollen

Seeds in an open cone

Leaves are needlelike – most evergreen

True root, stem and leaves

These plants reproduction takes place in a cone (Reproductive structure that produces naked seeds – No fruit

GYMNOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS Have cuticle and stomata

Most advanced vascular system

True stem, roots and leaves

Leaves are broad and deciduous (fall off during the fall)

Reproduction in a seed which is protected by a fruit

Flowers are insect and wind pollinated

ANGIOSPERMS

ANGIOSPERMS Reproduction of flowering plants takes place within the flower

SEED – Reproductive structure made of plant embryo (An egg and a sperm that will grow into a new plant), that is surrounded by its stored food

FRUIT – Protects the seed and aids in seed dispersal

PARTS OF A FLOWER Petal* Sepal* Anther Filament Stigma Box = Male part Style Stigma Anther Filament Ovary Sepal* Petal* Box = Male part Circle = Female part Star = Not male or female

POLLINATION Most gymnosperms are wind pollinated and most angiosperms are pollinated by wind or insects

Wind pollinated plants rely on favorable weather and sheer numbers to get pollen from one plant to another

Insect pollinated plants have bright colors and sweet nectar to attract insects

SEED DISPERSAL Some seeds are dispersed by animals

Animals eat the fruit that surrounds the seeds and then the seeds are released by the animal as waste after the fruit is digested

Other seeds are dispersed by wind and water

These seeds are generally lightweight, allowing them to be carried in the air or float on the surface of the water

MONOCOT VS. DICOT Parallel veins Complex arrangement of vascular bundles Fibrous Root EXAMPLE: Grass Branched veins Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot EXAMPLE: Tree (Larger Plant)

Monocot vs. Dicot

Monocot vs Dicot leaves

Monocot vs. Dicot

Monocot vs. Dicot roots

ANNUAL VS. PERENNIAL Plant that lives, reproduces and dies in 1 year Plant that lives, reproduces and grows year after year EXAMPLE: TREES Plant that lives, reproduces and dies in 1 year EXAMPLE: VEGETABLES

Annuals

Perennials

Photo sites http://johnbokma.com/mexit/2005/01/16/nice-group-of-plants.jpg http://www.biology4kids.com/extras/show_plants/03.jpg http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/images/mon_del.jpg http://www.firstscience.com/home/images/legacygallery/leaf.jpg www.wacona.com/words/organisms/nonvascularalgae.jpg http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/img/Red_Algae_m580917.jpg http://www.seaweed.ie/Algae/Images/Himelo5.jpg http://www.holencikroofing.com/A-Algae.jpg http://www.greenhomesbyjr.com/Algae-Hands.jpg http://www.bioremediate.com/algae1.jpg http://coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186.jpg http://www-biology.ucsd.edu/bioresearch/images/initiatives/algal_biofuels.jpg http://www.junelab.com/Images/Algae.jpg http://www.sheffield.ac.uk/content/1/c6/05/24/91/liverworts-close-up-web.jpg http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bot335/liverw.gif http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgnov02/mosses.jpg http://www.justagroove.net/gallery/photos/mosses.jpg http://www.rhs.org.uk/Advice/profiles0205/images/liverwort.jpg http://www.arboretumphotographers.com/photographers/craigeiler/RushingWaterOnMoss_CraigEiler.jpg http://www.marinebio.net/marinescience/04benthon/arcimg/arc5486.jpg http://scitec.uwichill.edu.bb/bcs/bl14apl/lycon13.GIF http://img.alibaba.com/photo/51381743/Horsetail_Extract_Powder.jpg http://www.dermaxime.com/images/horsetail.jpg http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/Faculty/smartin/images/moss.jpg http://www.biologyjunction.com/images/clubmoss01.JPEG http://darcywriter.com/images/Ferns1.JPG http://www.iusd.k12.ca.us/uhs/apbiology/images/leafbranch.jpg http://betterlawns.com/images/peachtree.jpg

More Photo sites http://www.uky.edu/Ag/kpn/pchtree2.jpg http://www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk/palaeo/images/Pollen_large.jpg http://ipm.msu.edu/ctree/images/SpottedKnapweedFlower.jpg http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/19/5619-004-06529655.jpg http://img6.travelblog.org/Photos/31726/281137/t/2372599-Wheat-fields-blowing-in-the-wind-0.jpg http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1042/1133151198_2c3a434168_m.jpg http://farm1.static.flickr.com/94/242514074_45be01f653.jpg http://www.campkawartha.ca/images/seeds.jpg http://www.natureguystudio.com/images/redsquirrel-nut-150w.jpg http://www.tfrc.csiro.au/research/SeedDispersal04.jpg http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/doc/class/bio1903/Locked/media/ch30/30_09FruitDispersal.jpg http://www.arc.agric.za/uploads/images/4534_seeds_close_s.gif http://www.nku.edu/~whitsonma/Bio120LSite/Bio120LReviews/Bio120WebPics/Plant%20Adaptations/Seeds%20&%20fruits/CattailFluff.jpg http://www.evidencesofcreation.com/images_plants/064a.jpg http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/mbierner/bio406d/images/pics/poa/Arundo%20donax%20leaf5.jpg http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg/180px-Monocot_vs_dicot_crop_Pengo.jpg http://homepage.smc.edu/hodson_kent/plant_growth/Angiosperms/tissues/dicot_leaf.jpg http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Root/Adventitious_Roots/Coleus/Adventitious_roots_2_MC.low.jpg http://www.wildmanstevebrill.com/JPEG'S/Plant%20Web%20Images/Carrot.jpg http://search.live.com/images/results.aspx?q=bluebonnets&form=QBIR# http://www.gardenerspath.com/plantguide/images/pansies_lg.JPG http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/food/images/squash.jpg http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/cornplant.jpg http://www.mountlehmanllamas.com/col-tomato.jpg http://www.stargazerperennials.com/images/perennial-front-page-pictur.jpg http://www.onegreenworld.com/images/categories/blueberry.jpg http://boldt.us/4728-2/wicked-trees http://photos.jibble.org/albums/Flowers/giant_daisies.jpg http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/BotanicalSciences/ClassificationPlants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/Nonvascular/moss.JPG http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/images/bugonastick/buxvir_habitat.jpg http://www.mobot.org/education/strc/images/model_germination.jpg