Solutions

How Solutions Form Solution – a mixture that appears the same throughout and is mixed at the ___________ level 1. _______ – substance being dissolved 2. ________ – substance doing the dissolving molecular Solute Solvent

Solutions can be liquids, gases, or _______ solids Solution Type Solvent Solute Example 1. gas Gas 2. Solid Salt water Dental amalgam 4. Liquid Club soda 5. 6. brass Gas Air Liquid Liquid liquid Solid Liquid Gas Liquid Vinegar solid Solid

Alloys are _______ solutions Copper + tin = copper + zinc = solid Alloys are _______ solutions Copper + tin = copper + zinc = silver + copper = tin + copper + antimony = lead + tin = iron + carbon = bronze brass sterling silver pewter solder wrought iron

B. How dissolving happens: 1. Water molecules are ______ – they have a positive area and a negative area 2. Water molecules cluster around ______ molecules, with their negative ends attracted to the positive ends of the solids polar solid video

Water molecules ____ the solid particles into solution The moving water molecules and ______ molecules spread out and mix evenly to form a solution. 5. To mix solids to make an alloy solution, you must _____ the solids. pull solid melt

Rate of dissolving depends on: 1. ________ – speeds up dissolving by bringing more fresh solvent into contact with more solute. Stirring

a. Dissolving occurs at the _________ of a solid. Crystal ______ a. Dissolving occurs at the _________ of a solid. b. Breaking a solid into pieces or powder increases its _________ _____, which speeds up dissolving. size surface surface area

Temperature – _________ the temperature of a solvent speeds up the movement of its particles. To make a gas dissolve more quickly in a liquid, ____ the liquid solvent and ________ the pressure of the gas. increasing cool increase

Solubility and Concentration ___________ – the amount of a substance that can dissolve in a solvent 1. Depends on the nature of the ____________ 2. Solubilities of two substances can be compared by _________ Solubility substances measuring

1. A __________ solution has a large amount of solute in the solvent. Concentration 1. A __________ solution has a large amount of solute in the solvent. 2. A _______ solution has a small amount of solute in the solvent concentrated dilute

3. Concentrations can be expressed as percent by __________ of the solute volume

Types of solutions 1. __________ solution – contains all the solute it can hold at a given temperature a. As the temperature of a liquid solvent increases, the amount of solid solute that can dissolve in it ____________ Saturated increases

__________ ______ – line on a graph used to figure how much solute can dissolve at any temperature on the graph. Solubility curve

2. ____________ solution – able to dissolve more solute at a given temperature Unsaturated

3. _____________ solution – contains more solute than a saturated one at the same temperature Supersaturated video

__________ - will crystallize if disturbed Made by ________ the temperature of a saturated solution, adding more solute, and lowering temperature back without __________ the solution __________ - will crystallize if disturbed As it crystallizes, it gives off ________ and produces heat raising disturbing Unstable energy

Particles in Solution _____ – particles with a charge 1. __________ – compounds that form charged particles (ions) and conduct electricity in water Ions Electrolytes

2. ___________ – substances that do not ionize in water and cannot conduct electricity Nonelectrolytes

How ions form 1. __________ – molecules break apart in water, causing atoms to become ions by taking on a charge Ionization

2. __________ – an ionic solid separates into its positive and negative ions. Dissociation

Effects of solute particles 1. All solute particles – polar, nonpolar, electrolyte, and nonelectrolyte – affect the ________ properties of a solvent 2. Adding a solute to a solvent _______ the freezing point because the added solute particles interfere with the formation of orderly freezing patterns physical lowers

3. Adding a solute ______ the boiling point because fewer solvent molecules can reach the surface and evaporate. raises