Modern Era (Guided Notes 18.2)

Muslim Empires Umayyad EmpireUmayyad Empire –Spread Islam throughout the Middle East –Gained the most land because with the creation & spread of Islam, the empire spread as well Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire –Spread into Central & Eastern Europe, as well as North Africa & SW Asia –Captured city of Constantinople (MAJOR CITY—considered the “gateway” into Asia) Medina & Mecca captured by Umayyad, Ottoman and Abbasid EmpiresMedina & Mecca captured by Umayyad, Ottoman and Abbasid Empires –Major Islamic cities!

Industrialization Was a problem for Middle East because they lacked the resources (wood, coal) to fully industrialize like Europe didWas a problem for Middle East because they lacked the resources (wood, coal) to fully industrialize like Europe did By the 1800s…By the 1800s… –Europe controlled parts of Northern Africa & SW Asia –Russian empires controlled Central Asia (Afghanistan, etc.)

In the 1800s, there was a rise in a well-educated middle class Ideas of nationalism, which is a belief in the right of an ethnic group to have its own independence Caused ideas of self- rule/independence to emerge

Gaining independence WW1 & WW2  European countries weaker  had to give up land in North Africa & SW Asia (by 1960s)WW1 & WW2  European countries weaker  had to give up land in North Africa & SW Asia (by 1960s) –Some regional economies still under European control –As a result, regional governments seized European property Countries in Central Asia, however, gained independence after the fall of the USSR in 1991Countries in Central Asia, however, gained independence after the fall of the USSR in 1991

Arab Israeli Conflict Timeline 1 st century: Romans expel Jews from homeland; eventually, Arab Muslims settle1 st century: Romans expel Jews from homeland; eventually, Arab Muslims settle Late 1800s: Jewish persecution abroad  Zionism (belief in returning to homeland)Late 1800s: Jewish persecution abroad  Zionism (belief in returning to homeland) 1918: British gain control of Palestine, Jews settle  conflict!1918: British gain control of Palestine, Jews settle  conflict! : WW2 & extermination of 6 million Jews; western sentiment begins : WW2 & extermination of 6 million Jews; western sentiment begins 1947: United Nations separate Palestine into Jewish & Arab States1947: United Nations separate Palestine into Jewish & Arab States 1948: Brits leave; Jewish leaders declare ISRAEL as Jewish state1948: Brits leave; Jewish leaders declare ISRAEL as Jewish state 1948 & 1967: Israelis take Arab (Palestinian) land; Jewish settlements est. in West Bank1948 & 1967: Israelis take Arab (Palestinian) land; Jewish settlements est. in West Bank

Because of the Arab-Israeli conflicts, many Palestinian Arabs were forced to become refugees in other countries. Want independent states in West Bank & Gaza StripBecause of the Arab-Israeli conflicts, many Palestinian Arabs were forced to become refugees in other countries. Want independent states in West Bank & Gaza Strip 1993: Palestinians gain limited self-rule in exchange for their recognition of Israel’s right to exist as a nation1993: Palestinians gain limited self-rule in exchange for their recognition of Israel’s right to exist as a nation 1998: Wye River Agreement. Israelis agree to withdraw troops from Israeli areas in West bank in order to increase Palestinian self-rule1998: Wye River Agreement. Israelis agree to withdraw troops from Israeli areas in West bank in order to increase Palestinian self-rule

Disagreements in ’02 halted movements towards peace 2 nd Infitada (VIOLENCE) among Palestinians Reoccupation by Israelis of Palestinian cities (i.e.; Israel taking over Palestinian cities..again)

Afghanistan Very ethnically diverse  conflict btw foreign forces & Afghani rival groupsVery ethnically diverse  conflict btw foreign forces & Afghani rival groups 1990s: Taliban won control of country; criticized for human rights abuses by international community (women’s rights, sheltering terrorists)1990s: Taliban won control of country; criticized for human rights abuses by international community (women’s rights, sheltering terrorists) 2002: US & Britain begin 1 st operation of War Against Terrorism; goal to eliminate terrorist regimes (especially Taliban, who sheltered Bin Laden, who was responsible for 9/11)2002: US & Britain begin 1 st operation of War Against Terrorism; goal to eliminate terrorist regimes (especially Taliban, who sheltered Bin Laden, who was responsible for 9/11) –ULTIMATE GOAL: ELIMINATE TERRORISTS!

Iraq/Iran Conflicts over resources, esp. water (  border conflict)Conflicts over resources, esp. water (  border conflict) 1990s: Iraq invasion of Kuwait oil fields (Saddam Hussein)  worldwide embargo against Iraq1990s: Iraq invasion of Kuwait oil fields (Saddam Hussein)  worldwide embargo against Iraq Kurds, who are an ethnic group in both countries, still vying for creation of own countryKurds, who are an ethnic group in both countries, still vying for creation of own country –Opposition by ruling governments –Differences between Kurds Basically, this isn’t happening.Basically, this isn’t happening.

Countries with monarchs:Countries with monarchs: –UAE, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan Countries with Democracies/Republics:Countries with Democracies/Republics: –Israel: Parliamentary Republic (PM & Pres.) –Afghanistan: part of an Islamic Republic (includes Iran as well) –Palestinian National Authority –Iraq (as of 2005…still considered corrupt) –Libya (as of Still in transition from military occupation)