09/06/20151

Unit E Space Exploration

09/06/20153 Background YOU are RESPONSIBLE for the MATERIAL. NOT ALL the material will be presented in class- only some will be highlighted or overviewed, key concepts, and harder material Whatever is not completed in class for that day is left up to you to read! Homework is assumed to be done every night. Study for your PAT exam’s NOW!!!!

09/06/20154 Here we go… Section 1.1 –You are responsible to review early views about cosmos

09/06/20155 Celestial bodies for years have: –fueled human imagination –marked the passage of time –foretold the changes in seasons Passed through generations & cultures, often as legends –Ex. Iroquois noting constellations Ursa Major The ‘great bear’

09/06/20156 Tracking Cosmological Events Solstice –2 times a year- June 21, December 21 –Sun reaches highest and lowest points in the sky –Has an affect on tides on Earth Equinox –2 times a year- ~March 21, ~September 21 –Day and night are of equal length Also when sun crosses the celestial equator

7 Geocentric Model Earth is at the centre of the universe –The moon, the Sun, and other objects go around it. (note the order) Belief in this system was common in ancient Greece (Aristotle) Objects were attached firmly to the outermost sphere- called the ‘celestial sphere’ –Like an immovable ceiling

09/06/20158 Copernicus Heliocentric model Sun is at the center with planets & Earth orbiting around it. Hypothesized by Copernicus in 1500s, confirmed by Galileo in 1600s using teloscope –Galileo ridiculed for it –Kepler confirms this stating orbits were ellipses, not circles

09/06/20159 Kepler’s discovery Ellipse – an oval formed around two foci (a circle is formed around one focus); the orbital paths of planets traveling around the sun are ellipses.

09/06/ Can also use p. 375 for procedure

09/06/ Discovery Through Technology

09/06/ The Astronomer’s Tools As technology has improved, our understanding of the skies has also improved.

09/06/ Examples of technology used through Earth history. Sundials – measure the passage of time Merkhet (Egyptian) –charts star movement at night which then could tell time A star clock Quadrant (Egytpian) – measure star’s height over the horizon. Astrolabe (Arab) – make accurate star charts by measuring altitude –Also for predicting celestial movement, surveying, triangulation, and local time Cross-staff – measure the angle between the moon and any star. Telescope – create accurate maps of our solar system

09/06/ The Immensity of Distance and Time in Space Astronomical Unit (AU) – a measure of distance used to describe the position of planets relative to the Sun –P. 379 diagram –1 AU is equal to the average distance from the centre of Earth to the centre of the Sun ( km). The Earth is 1.00 AU from the Sun.EarthSun The Moon is AU from the Earth.Moon Mars is 1.52 AU from the Sun.Mars Jupiter is 5.20 AU from the Sun.Jupiter Pluto is 39.5 AU from the Sun.Pluto

09/06/ The Immensity of Distance and Time in Space Light Year – the distance that light travels in 1 year (approximately 9.5 trillion km) – used to measure distances between stars and galaxies. The vast distances between stars and Earth even takes time for light to travel. So when light from a distant star reaches our eyes it could be thousands of years old. –1 light year = 63, 241AU This is light years away!

09/06/ Amy was given a list of notes on early theories of celestial bodies (sun, moon, and planets) –A. Earth centered –B. Sun centered –C. proposed in the 1500s –D. proposed 2000 years ago –E. proposed by Aristotle –F. proposed by Copernicus The notes above related to the heliocentric model of planetary motion are labelled –A) ACF –B) BCF –C) ADE –D) BCE

09/06/ Throughout time, people have created stories and proposed theories about space. The aboriginal people are known for their legends that dealt with –A) descriptions of planets –B) the formation of star constellations –C) prediction of comets –D) explanations of space travel

09/06/ Four scientists and their contribution to the study of space are listed below –1. Kepler proposed that the planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical orbit –2. Aristotle proposed that Earth is in the center and all the planets revolved around the Earth –3. Galileo used the telescope to confirm the sun- centred model of planetary movement –4. Copernicus proposed the ‘heliocentric model’ of planetary motion Listed from the earliest contribution to the most recent contribution, the order is ________ ___________ _________ __________

09/06/ Calvin is setting up a model of the solar system. He positions a cardboard sun at one end of a school hallway and Pluto at the other end, 20 m away. Calvin knows that Pluto is 39.5 AU from the sun and Jupiter is 5.27 AU from the sun In order to make his model to scale, how many meters from the cardboard sun should Calvin place Jupiter? (record your answer to two decimal places)

09/06/ Homework! P. 376 –4-7 P. 383 –5-7

Scale model of the solar system 1)Need 10 people! 2)Each member chooses to represent the Sun or one of the nine planets 3)The ‘Sun student’ stands in one place. S/he calls out each planet name in turn, plus the number of steps that the ‘planet student’ must take from where the Sun is standing. Each step should be about 1 m long 21 PlanetNumber of steps from the Sun MercuryLess than 0.4 Venus0.75 Earth1 Mars1.5 Jupiter5 Saturn9.5 Uranus19 Neptune30 Pluto39.5