Southeastern, Pueblo, Western Gulf, and Plains Culture Groups Texas Indian Tribes Southeastern, Pueblo, Western Gulf, and Plains Culture Groups

Southeastern Culture Group CADDO Southeastern Culture Group

Caddo – Southeastern Culture LOCATION: East Texas – Red River to southeastern corner

Caddo – SE SHELTER: Beehive shaped domed hut

Caddo – SE FOOD: Farmed: Corn, Beans, Squash, Tobacco Hunted: Deer, Rabbit, Turkey, Squirrels, Fish, Buffalo Gathered: Fruits, Berries, Roots

Caddo – SE WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Stone Axe Digging Stick Trot Line – for Fishing

Caddo – SE INTERESTING FACTS: Best farmers Best fishermen Gave TX its name. Most advanced TX tribe Made beautiful pottery.

Southeastern Culture Group ATAKAPANS Southeastern Culture Group

Coastal area from Galveston to Atakapans – SE LOCATION: Lower East TX - Coastal area from Galveston to Sabine River

Atakapans – SE SHELTER: Brush huts

Atakapans – SE FOOD: Alligator, corn, fish, crabs, clams, birds, small game like rabbits, bear, deer, & plants

Atakapans – SE WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Darts Spears

Atakapans – SE INTERESTING FACTS: Rubbed alligator fat all over themselves as mosquito repellent. Were dark skinned, short, stocky Tattooed themselves Wore very few clothes

Southeastern Culture Group WICHITAS Southeastern Culture Group

Wichitas – SE LOCATION: Central East TX – some lived as far north as the Red River.

Wichitas – SE

Wichitas – SE SHELTER: Beehive shaped dome huts

Wichita Hut – 1880

Wichitas – SE FOOD: Spring – Fall: Would live in villages and farm. Corn, beans, squash, pumpkins Winter – Summer: Migrated West to hunt the buffalo. Did NOT eat fish even though they lived by several rivers.

Wichitas – SE WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow

Wichitas – SE INTERESTING FACTS: Men & Women tattooed their bodies and faces w/ solid and dotted lines and circles. Were nicknamed the “raccoon-eyed” people b/c of the tattoos around their eyes. Men wore loin cloths, shirts. Leggings, & moccasins Women wore dresses from chin to ankles

Wichitas – SE INTERESTING FACTS CONT.: Warriors counted coup – received recognition for riding close enough to touch an enemy during battle. Warriors also gained prestige by stabbing and killing enemies. Raided neighbors – stealing captives & horses.

Wichitas – SE

JUMANOS Pueblo Culture Group

Jumanos - Pueblo Culture LOCATION: West Texas along the Rio Grande

Jumanos – Pueblo Culture SHELTER: Adobe 2-story houses – like apartment buildings

Pueblo village

Jumanos – Pueblo Culture FOOD: Corn, beans, squash, berries, deer, bear, antelope, rabbits, fish

Jumanos – Pueblo Culture WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Digging Stick

Jumano – Pueblo Culture INTERESTING FACTS: Men shaved their heads, except for one spot on the top – they tied a feather to the hair here. Tattooed themselves all over their bodies. Did not wear clothes in the summer (too hot) Made beautiful pottery Traded w/ other tribes & the Spanish until 1525

Western Gulf Culture Group COAHUILTECANS Western Gulf Culture Group

Coahuiltecans - WG LOCATION: South Texas

Coahuiltecans – WG SHELTER: Wickiup – huts covered w/ grass or animal skins. Usually slept in the open.

Coahuiltecans – WG FOOD: Cactus, ant eggs, worms, dirt, spiders, snakes, lizards, mesquite beans, fish Fish – would lay the fish out on a rock for days then would eat the fish & maggots or bugs Hunted when possible.

Coahuiltecans – WG WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow

Coahuiltecans – WG INTERESTING FACTS: Major event changed their lives – used to be prosperous. Mid-1800s South TX changed – rivers dried up, animals moved away. First contact w/ the Spanish – brought disease & death. Ate strange foods. Usually did not wear any clothes.

Western Gulf Culture Group KARANKAWA Western Gulf Culture Group

Karankawas – WG LOCATION: Along TX coast from Galveston to Corpus Christi

Karankawa – WG SHELTER: Wickiup – hut covered w/ grass or animal skins

Karankawa – WG FOOD: During the winters they lived by the coast – Oysters, clams, crabs, & fish, During the summers they would move inland and hunt – Deer, Turkey, Rabbit, & Turtle

Karankawa – WG WEAPONS & TOOLS: Long Bow & Arrow Spear – for fishing Dug Out Canoes – hollowed out from a tree trunk – used for transportation

Karankawa – Dug Out Canoe

Karankawa – WG INTERESTING FACTS: Ate their enemies b/c they thought they would get magical powers and strength from them. Very tall – most men were over 6 ft. European explorers tried to capture them and sell them as slaves. Used alligator fat as bug repellent.

TONKAWA Plains Culture Group

Tonkawa – Plains Culture LOCATION: Central TX – b/n Austin and San Antonio

Tonkawa – Plains SHELTER: Huts, Wickiups & Tepees

Tonkawa – Plains FOOD: Fish, crawfish, clams, mussels, prawns. Pecans, deer, buffalo, blackberries, & roots

Tonkawa – Plains WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Poisoned Arrows Tomahawk

Tonkawa – Plains INTERESTING FACTS: Tattooed black lines all over their bodies and faces. Enemy of the Comanche. Believed they came from wolves. The wolf was worshipped. They would never kill a wolf. The Wolf Dance – famous celebration

Tonkawa – Wolf Dance Tonkawa – Wolf Dance

Wolf Spirit

Tanning the Buffalo Hide

COMANCHE Plains Culture Group

Comanche – Plains LOCATION: Plains from Nebraska to North TX Plains

Buffalo Hunt – Land

Comanche – Plains SHELTER: Tepees Comanche village (1834)

Plains Indian Village

Comanche – Plains FOOD: Buffalo, deer, berries, fruits, roots, pemmican (jerky)

Comanche – Plains WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Hunting knives Lances Shields Travois

Travois

Comanche – Plains INTERESTING FACTS: Traders – most of what they traded was stolen – horses, women, children … Best horsemen – learned to ride around 3 yrs old. Fierce warriors

Comanche – Plains Comanche Leader Bow and Quiver – painted 1832

APACHE Plains Culture Group

Apache – Plains LOCATION: Hill country – central and west TX

Apache – Plains SHELTER: Tepees

Apache – Plains FOOD: Farmed part of the year – corn, squash, beans Hunted – buffalo, deer

Apache – Plains WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow & Arrow Lances/Spears Tomahawks Later – guns

The Hunt – w/ long spear

Apache – Plains INTERESTING FACTS: Men shaved the entire left side of their head – let the right side grow long. Great fear of the dead/death.

Apache – Plains

Apache – Dressed for Ceremony

Indian Chiefs

KIOWA Plains Culture Group

Kiowa – Plains LOCATION: North TX Panhandle

Kiowa – Plains SHELTER: Tepees

Kiowa – Plains FOOD: Gathered – plants, roots, berries Hunted – buffalo, elk

Kiowa – Plains WEAPONS & TOOLS: Bow and Arrow Lances

Kiowa – Plains INTERESTING FACTS: Friends of the Comanche Famous for their beadwork Held a huge Sun Dance every summer

Kiowa – Plains Dress w/ elk teeth – believed that elk teeth made a woman irresistible to men Husband & Wife

Kiowa – Plains

Indian Artwork