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©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Mitosis in the African Blood Lily (Scadoxus multiflorus) Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle? Compare Fig Pg. 231

Animal mitosis: Frog heart endothelium Can you identify the phases of the cell cycle shown here? ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Compare Fig Pg. 231

Different modes of cytokinesis among eukaryotes Animal cell furrowing Plant cell phragmoplast phycoplast Algal cell budding Fungal cell

Cytokinesis: Furrowing cleavage in a frog zygote ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

Saccharomyces: yeast from kingdom Fungi Mitosis nearly complete Cytokinesis via extrusion: budding! ? ? ? ?

A phragmoplast developing between two cells of root meristem in corn (Zea mays) This potassium permanganate preparation for TEM shows membranes almost exclusively, so cytoplasm looks “simple” as do mitochondria. Note: nice Golgi (dictyosomes)! ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Cytokinesis

Biology: life study of What is Life? Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many Growth: cell enlargement, cell number Evolution: long term adaptation Behavior: short term response to stimuli Reproduction: avoid extinction at death Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation, digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion, circulation--processing materials and energy Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion Properties of Life

Domain Eukarya Kingdom Plantae Phylum Chlorophyta Green Algae

cellulosic wall cell membrane chloroplast Chlamydomonas mitochondria nucleus flagella eyespot contractile vacuole cytosol starch pyrenoid

Chlamydomonas cells of opposite mating type join in syngamy to form a zygote which develops a thick wall as a hypnospore. Upon return to better conditions, the zygote undergoes meiosis and releases flagellated cells of both mating types.

zygote Population As Gametophyte? sporocyte spores gametes mitosis 1N2N SYNGAMY MEIOSIS Unicellular Life Cycle No multicellular body: ever! No multicellular diploid: haplontic Or is this asexual reproduction? Your book uses “fertilization” as a synonym for syngamy. That word is confusing and inaccurate…to refer to the union of gametes. Syngamy is clear and precise!

zygote SporophyteGametophyte sporangium sporocyte spores gametangia gametes germination mitosis germination mitosis 1N2N differentiation mitosis SYNGAMY mitosis differentiation MEIOSIS Generic Life Cycle When both haploid and diploid multicellular bodies are formed the life cycle is diplohaplontic No multicellular haploid: diplontic No multicellular diploid: haplontic Compare Figs , Pg. 641

SYNGAMY zygote SporophyteGametophyte sporangium sporocyte spores gametangia gametes germination mitosis differentiation mitosis germination mitosis 1N 2N differentiation MEIOSIS Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas ner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Z ygote.jpg u/faculty/images/goodenou ghcaption.jpg mmon/chlamydomonas.jpg ner/Bilder/Chlamydomonas_spec_Z ygote.jpg Haplontic? Not diplontic! Not diplohaplontic! is it haplontic? with lack of pectin? Best: Unicellular!

MulticellularUnicellularHaplonticDiplonticDiplohaplontic HaploidNoYesNoYes DiploidNo Yes Life Cycle Classifications