This presentation was not made for public use. Please do not use this or any other of my teaching presentations without my permission and the permission of each of the authors of the photographs, quotes, and other materials that I have used. Thank you, Vicki Hughes Ocean Puzzle Labs, Activities, and WS for this presentation: Ocean in a Bottle PPT

The ocean is the dominant physical feature of our planet. There is ONE World Ocean with many ocean basins. Evaporation Precipitation Name two ways Lake Lure is connected to the ocean. Earth’s Oceans (EOG L22)

WORLD OCEAN This is the WORLD OCEAN. The sections of the world ocean include: 1. Pacific Ocean (largest) 2. Atlantic Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Southern Ocean 5. Arctic Ocean (smallest)

Formation of the Oceans The oceans formed on Earth 3.8 billion years ago. The oceans originated from two sources: 1. Outgassing is the process whereby gases are released by volcanic activity. 2. Comets carried water to Earth in the form of ice.

Formation of the Oceans Water vapor condensed into rain that collected in low lying areas. Ice melted and joined the rainwater creating the ocean. Oceans shifted over the Earth as the plates moved together and pulled apart.

Ocean Exploration Oceanography = study of the ocean and its life forms Matthew Maury Published 1 st textbook on oceans HMS Challenger Ship used to study Pacific, Atlantic, & Indian oceans

Ocean Exploration Submersible = underwater research vessel Human and Auto-pilot types. Bathysphere = early type of submersible that remained connected to the ship.

Ocean Exploration Bathyscaph = submersible not connected to ship Alvin over 2000 dives holds three people discovered hydrothermal vents

Ocean Exploration Robot Submersible = remote controlled submersible Argo discovered remains of Titanic

Ocean Exploration Sonar (Sound Navigation And Ranging) Uses sound waves to study the ocean floor: 1.Sends out a continuous series of sound waves. 2.Sound waves hit the ocean floor and bounce back. 3.Ship receives bounced waves and records data.

The Ocean Floor Continental Shelf = zone of shallow water where the ocean covers the edge of the continent. Continental Slope = seaward edge of a continental shelf.

The Ocean Floor Abyssal plain = very deep flat area. Ocean trench = long narrow canyons.

Composition of Ocean Water Water is a powerful solvent. It can dissolve many different substances. Water’s ability to dissolve things is due to its polarity. Water’s polarity is due to its chemical structure.

Composition of Ocean Water Water in the ocean can dissolve all kinds of minerals. Sodium (salt) Chlorine (salt) Magnesium Calcium Sulfur Other substances Salt and minerals in the ocean come from eroding land, volcanic emissions, reactions at the sea floor, and atmospheric deposition

Composition of Ocean Water “Water, water, everywhere and not a drop to drink.” Coleridge Dissolved salts make up 86% of the ocean’s minerals. NaCl = Salt

Composition of Ocean Water Salinity refers to the concentration of salt dissolved in the water.

Composition of Ocean Water Archimedes Principle = the volume of an object will equal the volume it displaces when placed in water. If the mass of the object is less than the mass of the water, the object will float.

Composition of Ocean Water Buoyancy refers to the upward force of a fluid (water ) on an object. The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that is being displaced by it.

Composition of Ocean Water Buoyancy is the force that allows large ships to float.

Composition of Ocean Water As salinity increases, buoyancy increases. Floating in the Dead Sea.

Composition of Ocean Water The proportions of salt to water must remain at equilibrium.

Circulation of Ocean Water The thermohaline circulation of the oceans is based on (1) the distribution of water temperatures (thermo) and (2) the distribution of salt (haline).

Circulation of Ocean Water Thermohaline circulation moves energy and nutrients around the world. Thus it is often referred to as the “global conveyer belt.” This circulation controls our climates.

Ocean Water Currents Density Currents = ocean currents caused by sinking and rising water based on salinity. Saltwater Freshwater

Ocean Water Currents Density Currents are based on salinity.

Ocean Water Currents Climate change and density currents

Ocean Water Currents Causes of Surface Currents: 1. Wind 2. Rotation of the Earth

Ocean Water Currents Gulf Stream = warm current that flows up the eastern seaboard of North America from the equator.

Ocean Water Currents Humbolt Current = cool current that flows up the western seaboard of the South America from Antarctica. Involved in activities of El Niño.

Ocean Water Currents El Niño A warming of the surface of Pacific Ocean every 4 to 12 years causes unusual weather. Upwelling = movement of cold, deep ocean waters to the surface

Ocean Water in MOTION Waves = rhythmic movements that carry energy Crest = top of a wave Trough = lowest point between waves Wavelength is measured from crest to crest. Wave Height is measured from trough to crest. Wave Height

Ocean Water in MOTION Waves in the ocean are produced by winds. Three things determine the height of waves: 1. wind speed 2. how long the wind blows 3. distance the wind travels NY France

Ocean Water in MOTION As waves approach the shore, the land pushes the wave upward. A tsunami is a giant wave that has been pushed up by the shore.

Ocean Water in MOTION Tides are periodic rises and falls of large bodies of water. Tides are caused by the gravity between Earth and Moon. Most places on Earth experience two tides a day. gov/edu/learning/player/l esson10.html Tides 1:59 JGtg JGtg

Marine Ecosystems (EOG 23) The ocean is divided into zones based on temperature, pressure, and light. Intertidal Neritic Open Ocean Euphotic Disphotic Aphotic

The ocean is divided into zones based on temperature, pressure, and light. Euphotic Disphotic Aphotic

Vertical Ocean Water Pressure and Temperature Vertical Ocean Water Pressure and Temperature The deeper into the ocean one goes, the greater the pressure becomes and the colder the temperature becomes. The thermocline is a layer between the warmer surface waters and the deep ocean waters where the temperature changes rapidly.

The ocean is divided into zones based on temperature, pressure, and light. Intertidal Neritic Open Ocean

River Ocean Estuary River Estuary = a partially enclosed body of water where fresh water from rivers and streams mixes with salt water from the ocean.

Estuaries perform several important functions: habitats for marine species

buffers zones for pollutants

breeding grounds for organisms

Filtering system for chemicals from runoff.

What organism would most likely be at the base of the Oceanic Food Web? Microscopic Algae Ocean Systems

Coral reefs support approximately 25 percent of all known marine species. Most established coral reefs are between 5,000 and 10,000 years old. Ocean Systems

Coral reefs are in danger. An estimated 25% of coral reefs have already died. Since 1975, more than 90% of the reefs in the Florida Keys have lost their living coral cover Ocean Systems

What is killing our coral reefs? Pollution Disease Over-fishing Dynamite and cyanide fishing Sedimentation Bleaching caused by rising ocean temperatures Pollution Disease Over-fishing Dynamite and cyanide fishing Sedimentation Bleaching caused by rising ocean temperatures Ocean Systems

Plankton = tiny organisms that move with water currents. Nekton = larger organisms that are able to swim in the sea.

Sperm whales feeding on nekton (krill).

The deep ocean contains tens of thousands of endemic creatures (exist no other place on earth). ugly-animals.blogspot.com Sea Pig Anglerfish Dragonfish Googly-Eyed Glass Fish Polychaete Worm Goblin Shark Scale Worm

Hydrothermal Vents = openings in Earth’s crust on the bottom of the ocean 9hGvCsWgA

Deep ocean ecosystems do not have light for energy and therefore do not use photosynthesis.

Chemosynthesis = using chemical energy instead of light energy to produce food. tch?NR=1&v=BLOUFrncG7E &feature=endscreen sulfur

Ocean Resources Freshwater can be acquired from ocean water through the process of desalination (removal of salt) by distillation (boiling then collecting steam). However, the salt remaining from distillation is often dumped back into the sea.

Ocean Resources Salt is harvested from ocean waters by the process of evaporation (drying out). Ocean water is trapped in evaporation ponds where the water evaporates off leaving the salt sticking behind.

Energy can be obtained from the ocean using: atch?v=8- sFLGMSMac&playnext=1&li st=PLF829FBE41D11046F&fe ature=results_main wave action tidal action thermal changes dissolved hydrogen Ocean Resources

3.5 billion people rely on fish for their primary food source Aquaculture is the term applied to the “farming” of the oceans. cd9M Ocean Resources

Ocean Pollution Sources of ocean pollution: Sewage Chemicals Oil Solid-Waste Sediment

Famous Oil Spills: 1989 Exxon Valdese (Alaska) 2012 Ocean Pollution

Famous Oil Spills: 2010 BP (Gulf of Mexico) Death of the Oceans 58:59 Ocean Pollution

Any Questions?