1 IEEE Network Security Rohit Tripathi Graduate Student. University of Southern California.

2 Presentation Overview IEEE Network Security – Basics – Architecture – Security (WEP) – WEP Vulnerabilities. – Practical Implementation of Attacks. – Recent security advancements for Wi-Fi Networks. – Summary

3 What is IEEE ? IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN’s. – Ethernet(networking) capability over radio waves. – Increased Mobility and Flexibility. – Sometimes even more economical. – More practical.(e.g. Large halls, atriums,etc.) – b – 11 Mbps, g – up to 54Mbps, a – up to 54Mbps..11b/g at 2.4GHz radio frequencies..11a at 5-6GHz. Uses CSMA/CA (MAC protocol for shared Media). Different Modulation schemes provides different data speeds. Range – feet (approx.)

4 Terminology WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network. AP – Access Point. Station – Any device on wireless network. SSID – Service Set Identifier(identifies a network name.). MAC Address – Wireless LAN card address, 6 octets (xx.xx.xx.xx.xx.xx)

5 Picture from Infrastructure Network Mode

Architecture (cont….) Frame Types. – Data Frames: Used for Data Transmission. – Control Frames: Used for Media Access Control (RTS, CTS, ACK) – Management Frames: Used to exchange Management Information. (Beacon, Probe, Association, Authentication.)

Standard Security Goals Create Privacy as achieved by a wired network (WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy). – Parking Lot Attack!!. Should Provide – Confidentiality: No eavesdropping. – Access Control: Deny access to unauthenticated stations. – Data Integrity: Prevent tampering with transmitted messages. Research shows that none of the goals are achieved!!

8 WEP Protocol Wired Equivalent Privacy. – Link Layer Protocol. – Two subsystems. WEP Authentication Technique. – Provides Access Control. WEP Data Encapsulation Technique. – Data Integrity and confidentiality.

9 WEP Authentication STA AP Shared secret distributed out of band Authentication Challenge (128 octets Nonce) Authentication Response (Nonce is RC4 encrypted under shared key) Decrypted nonce? Authentication Request Authentication Result From IEEE: Overview of Security.

10 WEP Data Encryption MessageCRC Key stream = RC4(IV,K) CiphertextIV XOR Transmitted Data Compute Integrity Checksum c(M) and append to original message M. P = Key-stream generated using RC4 encryption algorithm on a 24 bit IV concatenated to a pre-shared key (40-bit or 104-bit). XOR “P” with Key-stream to produce ciphertext. C = P  RC4(IV,K) Transmit IV and Ciphertext.

11 WEP Data Decryption Decryption (Reverse Process) Extract IV P’ = C  RC4(IV, K) = ( P  RC4(IV,K) )  RC4(IV,K) = P Split P’ into and re-compute the checksum c(M’) to see if it matches c’. Establishes message integrity.

12 Attacks on WEP WEP allows IV to be reused with any frame – Same IV produces same key stream (RC4(IV,K)). Risks of Key-stream Reuse. – Now If C1 = P1  RC4(IV, K) and C2 = P2  RC4(IV, K) then C1  C2 = ( P1  RC4(IV, K))  ( P2  RC4(IV, K)) = P1  P2 (i.e. XOR of two plain texts) – Key-stream reuse to read encrypted traffic. Known techniques to find out P1 and P2 given P1  P2. Becomes easier with more intercepted packets using same IV value.

13 Key-stream reuse (continued…) Decryption Dictionaries – Over time attacker can build a table of key-stream corresponding to each IV (Need known plaintext). – Helped by well defined protocol structures(IP headers, login sequence,etc.) – Attacker can transmit known plaintext (e.g. spam) and intercept the cipher text to gain the key-stream. – Table size depends only on the IV length and not the key size. – Standard fixes IV size as 24 bits. – Gives a modest space requirement. E.g bytes for each of the 2^24 possible IV’s needs 24GB. – Even first few thousands IV’s table can be effective in most cases because of most PMCIA cards reset IV value to 0 when reinitialized.

14 Attacks on WEP (continued…) Message Modification – CRC is insufficient to detect message tampering (not a cryptographically secure authentication code). – Controlled modification of cipher-text possible without disrupting the checksum. – CRC is linear function i.e. c(x  y) = c(x)  c(y). – Original Cipher-text C = RC4(IV, K)  – Possible to find C’ that decrypts to a modified message M’ = M  Δ – C’ = C  = RC4(IV, K)   = RC4(IV, K)  = RC4(IV, K)  = RC4(IV, K)  – C’ decrypts to P  Δ, but with right checksum!!

15 Authentication Spoofing A challenge-response pair gives the key-stream. Challenge (Nonce- Plain Text) Response (Nonce RC4 encrypted under shared key) STA AP Decrypted nonce OK? This key-stream can be used to encrypt any subsequent challenge. Authentication Request

16 IP Redirection For decrypting a ciphertext without knowing the key. Trick the AP into decrypting ciphertext for the attacker. – Sniff an encrypted packet. – Modify the encrypted message so that the destination address is that of the attacker.(already shown that message modification is possible without any alarm.)

17 Practical Implementation of Attacks Till now we talked about retrieving the Key-stream. But is it possible to recover the secret key(Ultimate Break)?? – Fluhrer, Mantin and Shamir Attack. RC4 – Key Scheduling Algorithm, Output Generator (PRGA). Knowledge of IV and and first output byte gives information about the key bytes (called Resolved Cases). – Practical Implementation: AT&T Labs Tech Report. Passive Attack. Eased by the clear text transfer of IV. Coding for the simulated Attack < 2 hours. Full key recovered with 256 probable resolved cases. Off the shelf hardware and software to capture packets.

18 Practical Attacks (continued…) Mounting the Attack – P  C = P  (P  RC4(IV,K)) = RC4(IV,K) i.e. Key-stream. Got “P” from Encapsulation header added to IP/ARP traffic. – 5/6 *10^6 packets to recover 128 bit key.(Very practical on a busy network.) Improving the Attack – User Memorable pass-phrase used as key. Check if the decoded key byte is an ASCII, number or punctuation. Key recovered in reasonable time - Ultimate Break of WEP!!

19 Conclusions….. Assume that the link layer WEP offers no security. Use E2E higher-level security mechanisms (IPSec, SSH). Anyone within the physical range can access the network as a valid user. Other kinds of Attacks: MAC spoofing, Jamming(DoS), Insertion Attacks(Rogue AP’s). This paved the way for further research to create more secure WLAN’s.

20 Wi-Fi Protected Access(WPA) Specification from Wi-Fi Alliance(2003) – Strong, standards-based, interoperable security for today’s Wi- Fi networks. What needs to be addressed (~ flaws in WEP). – Weak User Authentication. – Weak Key Management. – Weak IV selection. – CRC is good for detecting random errors and not message tampering. – Additionally the new system should be backward compatible.

21 Security Mechanisms in WPA Authentication (and Key Management). Encryption.

22 Authentication and Key Management Based on Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP). – Supports many flavors of EAP. – Uses existing key (temporary keys) distribution methods such as KDC, Kerberos, Needham-Shroeder. Can handle any form of user credentials. – Digital certificates, username and passwords, secure ID’s,etc. Creates a framework where client workstations mutually authenticates with the Authentication Server (4 way handshake).

23 Authentication Process Associate EAP Identity Request EAP-Success STA AP Authentication Server EAP Auth Response EAP Auth Request EAP Identity Response From IEEE: Overview of Security.

24 Session Key Distribution C ( Kc )AP s( Ks ) Authentication Server ( ~KDC ) c,s,n {Kcs,s,n}Kc AND {Kcs,c,n}Ks Kc and Ks: Long term Keys.(Only used once!!) Kcs : Session Key. (Temporary) {Kcs,c,n}Ks AND {data}Kcs

25 Encryption WPA uses Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) – Dynamic Key (against static WEP key) distributed by Authentication Server. – Key size increased to 128 bits. – Change in WEP key requires manual work. – Already shown that intruder who collects enough encrypted data (with static WEP key) can exploit the system. – Sets up an hierarchy to generate more data encryption keys using the pair-wise key.(per packet key construction) Uses Message Integrity Check(MIC) against CRC. – Provides strong mathematical function to check msg integrity.

26 WPA Deployment. Can be installed as software upgrade on most Wi-Fi devices. – Clients require software upgrade to the NIC. Enterprise would require an authentication server. – Typically Remote Authentication Dial-In-User Service (RADIUS) Small Office and Home Office (SOHO) can use pre-shared key. – But still use strong TKIP encryption, per packet key construction. All the upgrades (transition) can happen in steps. – Allows mixed mode.(though not recommended)

27 The Future: WPA-2 Existing WPA features. – TKIP encryption. – EAP authentication Additionally use Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) for encryption. – Currently considered to be a very strong encryption algorithm. – Variable Key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. – Drawback: Requires hardware upgrade.

28 Summary security does not meet any of its objectives. Current Work to replace. – Authentication Scheme using 802.1X (EAP) and Kerberos. – Encryption scheme using AES. – Key management using established mechanisms. Wi-Fi Alliance working on WPA2.

29 References Nikita Borisov, Ian Goldberg, David Wagner, Intercepting Mobile Communications: The Insecurity of , ACM Mobicom 2001.Intercepting Mobile Communications: The Insecurity of Adam Stubblefield, John Ioannidis, Aviel D Rubin, Using the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir Attack to Break WEP, AT&T Labs Technical Report TD-4ZCPZZ, 2001.Using the Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir Attack to Break WEP Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Protected Access, 2003.Wi-Fi Protected Access

30 Questions ???