You will need glue and 4 colored pencils for today

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invaded the “Pacific Rim” European Powers Invaded the “Pacific Rim” Imperial NationTerritories Controlled Great BritainMalaysia, Burma, and Singapore The NetherlandsIndonesia (“Dutch East Indies”) FranceIndochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) United StatesPhilippines and Hawaii

Britain and France allowed Siam (present day Thailand) to stay independent as a buffer between their possessions in S.E. Asia Britain and France allowed Siam (present day Thailand) to stay independent as a buffer between their possessions in S.E. Asia

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Why Southeast Asia? Why Southeast Asia? Land (mainly islands) perfect for establishing trading and military posts Land (mainly islands) perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture Excellent for plantation agriculture RubberTea TimberPineapples SpicesSugar CoffeeTin

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Colonial Economies Colonial Economies Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials Colonial powers did not want their colonists to develop their own industries so they focused on the exports of raw materials Natives worked at poverty level wages on plantations owned by foreign investors. Conditions were horrible and unhealthy Natives worked at poverty level wages on plantations owned by foreign investors. Conditions were horrible and unhealthy

Imperialism in Southeast Asia Resistance to Colonial Rule Resistance to Colonial Rule at 1 st – came from ruling classes (leaders) at 1 st – came from ruling classes (leaders) Peasant revolts that were quickly put down Peasant revolts that were quickly put down Early 1900s, resistance came from a new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages Early 1900s, resistance came from a new urban middle class that had been educated in Western schools, spoke western languages In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence. In the 1930s, these resistance movements began to demand national independence.

Glue the map to the bottom of page 37

In 1793, the Qing Emperor (Qianlong, above left) received an ambassador (Lord George McCartney, right) from Great Britain, but rejects the importation of goods from the British saying they were not interested in the “strange objects” offered from the West.

 China rejected offers of trade from the West because it was largely self-sufficient in the ways: ◦ Agriculture  Quick-growing strain of rice since the 11 th century  Maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts since 17 th /18 th centuries ◦ Natural Resources  Salt, tin, silver, and iron ◦ Manufacturing  Silks, high-quality cottons, fine porcelain

 video video

 Foreigners were only allowed to trade at 1 port, Guangzhou.  Trade balance was in China’s favor (China exported more than it imported)  European merchants decide to sell the habit-forming drug opium (a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant) in China to obtain a favorable trade balance.  By 1835, as many as 12million Chinese were addicted

 The Qing emperor was angry about the drug trade coming from the British.  In 1839 the Emperor’s advisor writes a letter to Queen Victoria demanding the drug trade stop. It doesn’t.  The Opium War breaks out between Britain and China in 1839, but is fought mainly at sea.  The Chinese are no match for Britain’s steam-powered gun boats.  The Treaty of Nanjing is signed in 1842  Opened up 5 ports in China to Westerners  Britain got control of Hong Kong  Marked the beginning of Western influence in China

 The British enjoyed extraterritorial rights, which meant that British citizens were not subject to Chinese laws, but, if accused of a crime in Chinese trading ports, but would only be tried by British courts.  Basically allowed the drug trade to continue.

 Population grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30% increase in 60 years.  Food production did not keep up with this increase -> lots of people starved.  Discouragement increased opium addiction  Chinese began to rebel against the Qing Dynasty

 Hong Xiuquan began recruiting followers to help him build a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.”  Hong referred to himself as the “younger brother of Jesus Christ”  His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion.  2 goals: ◦ Get the poor people land ◦ Get women equal rights

 By 1850s, Hong organized a massive peasant army and took control over large areas of southeastern China.  1853 Hong captured Nanjing and made it his capital.  Qing imperial troops and British and French forces all launched attacks against the Taiping government.  By 1864 the rebellion was put down, but at least 20 million people died in the rebellion.

 Chinese government has both internal and external pressures. ◦ Internal  Taiping Rebellion and other rebellions among the peasants  Growing food shortages ◦ External  Pressure from foreign imperial powers was increasing

 Debates emerged in the Qing court ◦ Some leaders wanted to reform and modernize according to Western ways. ◦ Some clung to traditional Chinese ways  Begin policy of “self-strengthening” ◦ China should adopt western technology but still keep it’s Confucian values

 Foreign nations attack China and through treaties gain more control over China’s economy.  Many of Europe’s major powers and Japan gain spheres of influence — areas in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

 The U.S., having no sphere of influence, declared its Open Door Policy demanding free trade for all nations in China.  Written by John Hay, from America  Britain and other European nations agree to this demand.

 1898, Emperor Guangxu introduced measures to modernize China’s educational system, economy, military, and government.  Qing officials saw these innovations as a threat and called on his aunt Empress Dowager CiXi to act.  She has Guangxu arrested and reverses his reforms. Emperor Guangxu (center)

 Resentful of the privileges of foreigners, a secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists is formed.  They are called the “Boxers” for short and carry out a campaign against foreigners known as the Boxer Rebellion.  1900—the Boxers descend on Beijing and surround the European section of the city.  The Boxers murder Europeans, missionary, and diplomats, as well as many Chinese Christians, both Protestant and Catholic.

 August 1900—a multinational force of 19,000 troops marches on Beijing and defeats the Boxers.  Though the Boxer Rebellion failed to expel foreign influence, the Chinese have a renewed sense of nationalism and realization they must resist foreign influence. A Boxer during the revolt.

 1905 Dowager Empress sends out a delegation to study the operation of different governments.  1906 officials recommend China’s government be restructured.  A constitutional monarchy was suggested.  A national assembly was convened within a year, but change was slow.  In 1908 the court promised a constitutional government by  China would continue to have unrest for the next four decades.

 Led by Sun Yat-sen ◦ He proposes a 3 step reform process for China  By 1905, he had united all radical groups in China into what became known as the Chinese Nationalist Party Step 1: Military Takeover Step 2: Transitional Phase Step 3: Constitutional Democracy

In 1908, Empress Ci Xi died the day before Guang Xu died. “Last Emperor of China” : Henry Pu Yi In 1911, followers of Sun Yat-sen launched an uprising that collapsed the Qing dynasty ◦ Produced no new political or social order so the military took over the government, led by General Yuan Shigai, the president of the new “Republic of China”

 Introduced modern transportation and communication in China  Created an export market (oil, copper, tea, salt, porcelain)  Brought Chinese market into the 19 th century economy