Ch 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity The Ecosystem Approach

November 20th TEST ch 10 Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity The Ecosystems Approach FRIDAY Notes due day of test Format: 43 M/C 1 graph with 3 ?s 1 FRQ – focus on Forests

1 Which type of logging results in intermediate-aged or mature trees in uneven-aged forests cut singly or in small groups? Selective cutting Clear cutting Captive breeding Strip cutting Tree plantation

2 Which type of logging results in the maximum profits in the shortest time frame? Selective cutting Clear cutting Captive breeding Strip cutting Tree plantation

3 Managed area of uniformly aged trees which are grown until commercially viable. Selective cutting Clear cutting Captive breeding Strip cutting Tree plantation

4 Undeveloped lands that have been set aside as reserves by being roadless are limited to hikers and campers that can visit but cannot stay Ecoregion Biodiversity hot spot Wilderness lands Biosphere reserve

5 Areas set up with a protected inner core for wildlife surrounded by more multiuse buffer zones Ecoregion Biodiversity hot spot Wilderness lands Biosphere reserve

6 Areas identified by conservation biologists as having high plant diversity and/or where ecological services are being impaired. Ecoregion Biodiversity hot spot Wilderness lands Biosphere reserve

7 Tropical deforestation is caused by Logging Slash and burn for subsistence agriculture and cattle ranching Clearing for large soybean and oil plantations Clearing for fuel-wood and charcoal All of these

8 Second-growth forests are: Stands of trees resulting from natural succession on disturbed sites Stands of trees that have not been serious disturbed for at least several hundred years Stands of trees of uniform age and species that have been planted by humans Only found in rural areas in Canada, Brazil, and Russia Rapidly increasing in size and coastal areas

9 Old-growth forest is defined as Forests which have never been cut or touched by humans Forests which have reached climax community and is relatively undisturbed Forest which has been replanted after a clear-cut Forest in which all the trees are over 200 years old Forest which is inhabited by indigenous people

10 Strip cutting is a logging method that I clear-cuts trees along a single contour of the land II leads to erosion of soil and nutrients III allows for natural regeneration I only II only I and III only II and III only I, II, and III

11 Fires that burn away flammable ground material and help prevent more destructive fires are called Crown fires Ground fires Surface fires High intensity fires Low intensity fires

12 Scientists argue that the 2003 Healthy Forests Restoration Act actually increases the chance of sever fires because Remove the large trees encourages growth of flammable young trees and underbrush Removing the large trees decreases the amount of flammable slash Removing the smaller trees decreases the ability of the forest to regenerate Removal of large trees can encourage bark beetles or other pests which leave more dead material All of these

13 Allowing logging in US National Forests Promotes economic growth Builds more roads leading to habitat fragmentation Damages nearby rivers and fisheries Provides jobs in nearby communities All of these

14 One factor that results in unnecessary waste of wood in the US is Reduced packaging material Reliance on kenaf to produce paper pulp Overuse of junk mail Use of steel instead of wood in construction Increased percentages of households recycling

15 The new science which focuses on maintaining habitats and biodiversity in places shared with human activities instead of as separate reserves is called Restoration ecology Reconciliation or applied ecology Millennium ecosystem assessment Public easement Buffer zone concept

16 Why is deforestation in tropical rainforests more devastating to the global environment that deforestation in temperate forests? Most temperate forests are not experiencing deforestation Tropical rainforests provide less usable lumber Temperate forests do not contribute to the reduction of carbon dioxide Tropical rainforests are inhabited by indigenous tribes who are losing their way of life Tropical rainforests have much higher biodiversity than temperate forests

17 Ecosystem services performed by forest include: I carbon sequestration II aid in aquifer recharge III provide wildlife habitat I only II only III only I and III I, II, and III

18 Which of the following are causes for tropical deforestation? I to provide wood for fuel II to clear land for mining III to clear land crops and livestock grazing I only II only III only I and III I, II, and III

19 All of the following are sustainable practices for forest use and maintenance EXCEPT Subsidize local ranching Conservation concessions in which nations are paid for preservation and a company is allowed to access to research medicinal plants Scientific Certification Systems for timber harvesting The use of prescribed burns after selective cutting Required reforestation projects

21 One of the most common methods for sustainable management or rangeland is Herbicide spraying to reduce invasives Replanting barren areas that have been overgrazed Mechanical removal of nonnative species Rotational grazing of cattle Fencing off reserved areas where grazing is never allowed

22 What is the overall largest problem facing most US national parks? Popularity and its impact Inholdings Poaching Off-road vehicles Water pollution

23 Most conservation biologists argue that the best way to preserve biodiversity is Create more comprehensive breeding programs at zoos Reduce deforestation in the tropical rainforests through debt-for-nature swaps Establish riparian zones along all primary waterways Create a world-wide network of protected areas that consist of a representative 20% or more of the earth’s land List 50% of the global species on the Endangered Species List

24 What is the benefit of creating a habitat corridor to connect isolated reserves? It allows migration of exotic species It allows migration of vertebrates that need large ranges It increases the amount of edge habitat It reduces the exposure of migrating species to human hunters All of the above

25 Ecological restoration is defined as: Creating an emergency action strategy to protect biodiversity hot spots Protecting an inner core of a reserve by establishing two buffer zones Identifying what places should be protected and connected by corridors The process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity of natural ecosystems Setting aside lands that cannot be developed and are limited o only hikers and campers