Who says political geography is not important?

Political Geography Nations, States and Stateless Nations 4 Pillars of a state Stateless Nations Are there any real Nation-States? What about states like Arkansas? Peace of Westphalia Mini-states and micro-states

Why will it be hard to ever have a Kurdistan?

Most modern-day boundaries were drawn by whom? Conference of BerlinBalfour Declaration

Tribal/ethnolinguistic & political boundaries

Borders do matter – even between friendly neighbors Rellmann, Getis and Getis – 6 th Edition, page 462

All Roads Lead to Paris Murphy, A. B.; Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G.; and Jordan, Bella Bychdova. The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography, 5 th ed. (Lanham, MD and Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), p. 168

Just how powerful are territorial claims and disputes? _disputes

Irredentism – unredeemed territory Bolivian irredentism over territorial losses in the War of the Pacific with Chile ( ). "What once was ours, will be ours once again", and "Hold fast rotos (Chileans), for here come the Colorados of Bolivia“

Constitutional Territorial Claims of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

China’s claims in the South China Sea

Colonialism Claiming of territory and establishment, exploitation, maintenance, acquisition of territory by people from another state. State claims sovereignty over all social, government and economic structures Unequal relationship English/French vs Portuguese/Dutch colonialism Neocolonialism

Imperialism Johnston, Ronald John (2000). The Dictionary of Human Geography (4th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 375.The Dictionary of Human Geography Imperialism - creation and/or maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination that employs and expansionist, mercantilist policies

Mercantilism Building a network of overseas colonies Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations Monopolizing markets with exclusive rights to markets Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments; Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships Export subsidies Promoting manufacturing with research or direct subsidies Limiting wages Maximizing the use of domestic resources Restricting domestic consumption

The sun never sets on the British Empire

Berlin Conference

Jammu and Kashmir India vs Pakistan

Forward Capital moving capital to a “forward” place to make a statement of intention – present or future &

Even Antarctica is claimed

Theocracy State ruled by religious leaders and holy texts Yemen, Afghanistan, Oman, Iran, Somalia, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Vatican, Central Tibetan Administration Iran has the most characteristics of a true theocracy as their leaders are considered to be divinely guided Saudi Arabia has a monarchy, but follows strict Sharia Law Nigeria – Sharia may be used, but non- Muslims do not have to use it in Court

Political Boundaries can be very important…and amusing

Territory States cannot exist without territory Territorial Morphology – geographers study the size, shape and relative location of states? How does the size and shape of a state give advantages or disadvantages? 5 types of territorial morphologies

COMPACT What are the advantages & disadvantages?

FRAGMENTED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

ELONGATED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

PRORUPT or PROTRUDED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

PERFORATED What are the advantages & disadvantages?

What territorial morphology is ITALY?

Exclaves & Enclaves Exclave – bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is part of a state but lies separated from it by territory of another state. Enclave – piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a part (landlocked within the country which surrounds them. See page 211 in your text To understand, it is all about perspective

‘Google’ Azerbaijan and Armenia maps and look what you get…

Talk about a strangely shaped states

Shape is not a constant for political/economic stability or instability

Resource rich…but with many problems

Very few natural resources…but wealthy and stable

LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES Isolation At the mercy of neighbors Need communication linkages (highways, airports, rivers, etc.) Have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation Only Liechtenstein & Uzbekistan are landlocked & surrounded by landlocked countries

BOUNDARIES Obviously mark the land surface Turn to page in your text But, they also extend into airspace and the ground What about natural resources? What about air traffic? What about sea traffic?

Setting Boundaries Stage One DEFINITION – defines exact location established through legal agreement, treaty, etc. Can describe terrain feature or be measured by longitude and latitude.

Setting Boundaries Stage Two DELIMITATION – putting the boundary on a map officially.

Setting Boundaries Stage Three DEMARCATION – The final stage. Marking a boundary with fences, walls, posts, pillars, or other markers. Most of the world’s boundaries are not demarcated.

Copy this into your notebook where you have room near Chapter 8 journals. Four Types of Boundary Disputes Definitional – center on legal issues Locational – definitions not disputed – the interpretation is Operational – parties differ on how boundary should function (how migration should occur) Allocational – conflict over “stuff” – oil, gas, seafloor riches, water

FORMER YUGOSLAVIA Shatterbelt Irredentism Crossroads of History Josip Broz Marshal Tito Post WWII Ethnic Cleansing War

FEDERAL STATES Political framework where the central government represents its political sub-units where they have common interests – defense, foreign affairs, etc. But these sub-units retain their own identities, laws, policies, customs, etc. Accommodates regional differences and enables diversity and unity to coexist

FEDERAL STATES Geographer K.W. Robinson said, “The federal state is the most expressive of all political systems.” What did he mean by this?

UNITARY STATES State which has a centralized government that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. Highly centralized Political sub-units not as important Appeasing minorities maybe not important Government frameworks are set up to reinforce the central government’s power

Unitary States of the World in blue – Federal States in gray