“ I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.” -John Brown “ I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood.” -John Brown SONG FOR THE DAY: THE FINAL COUNTDOWN Daily Comment & Card ANTEBELLUM REFORM -Explosion in number of colleges (Oberlin College in Ohio was first co-ed college) -Expansion of state-supported elementary and other public schools (because of leadership of Horace Mann) -Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums for humane treatment of the insane -Prisons reformed DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD -Supreme Court case of Slave taken by his master from Missouri, slave state, to Illinois, free state -Scott sued for freedom after returning to Missouri -It was ruled that Scott did not have the rights of citizenship and could not sue -Also ruled that Congress had no power to prohibit slavery, because of rights of property. 1857

STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: -Discuss the importance of the Compromise of 1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott Decision to the Civil War. -Explain the Brooks-Sumner incident and how it represents the national divisions. -Explain the importance of the election of 1860 and how it influenced the start of the war.- -Define Underground Railroad, Uncle Tom‘s Cabin, and John Brown’s Raid

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 10. Underground railroad Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 10. Underground railroad The Underground Railroad was a network of secret routes and safe houses used by slaves to escape to free states and Canada with the help of abolitionists and allies. There were routes that also lead to Mexico and overseas. Before it became part of the United States, there were some routes running to Florida. Usually, the term refers to the operations in the 19 th century, with its peak season being from 1850 to Some estimates suggest that as many as 100,000 slaves may have reached freedom through these networks. The terminology of a railroad included those who led others to freedom known as “conductors” and safehouses known as “stations.” Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave herself, was the most famous conductor. She personally led over 300 to freedom.

Underground -stations -Harriet Tubman -conductors Railroad

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 9. Compromise of 1850 Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 9. Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was made necessary because of the territory acquired from the Mexican-American War. Through this compromise, California was admitted to the United States as a free state. Slave trade was ended in Washington D.C., the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah would be eventually admitted with votes settling the slavery issue, and tougher laws were enacted for those who helped runaway slaves.

- Nullifies the Missouri Compromise of California (free state), “popular sovereignty” in NM, Nevada, AZ, Utah -Dispute over TX -Slavery in DC/ no slave trade -Tougher fugitive slave law Senator Stephen Douglas was the leading proponent of popular sovereignty…

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 8.Uncle tom’s cabin Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 8.Uncle tom’s cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The book intensified Northern oppositition to slavery and actually sold more copies than the Bible during this time period. It helped raise awareness of the conditions faced by slaves in the North. Lincoln called Mrs. Stowe, “the little lady who started the big war.”

Harriet Beecher Stowe -Gives many empathy for slaves -best seller “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) SELLS OVER 300,000 COPIES

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 7. Kansas-nebraska act Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 7. Kansas-nebraska act The Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 allowed for the Nebraska Territory to be divided into two territories: Kansas and Nebraska. The issue of slavery was to be settled by popular sovereignty (a vote by the people). The consequences of this act were that the Missouri Compromise was repealed and the sectional tension between the North and South were increased. This act led to the end of the Whig party; it also led to the formation of the Republican Party and the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President. It also led to a hug push by both slavery and anti- slavery forces to get supporters to move to this area. A mini-civil war erupted in Kansas with fighting leading to the area being labeled “Bleeding Kansas” when pro-slavery forces won the election and anti-slavery forces formed their own government.

-”Popular Sovereignty” Leads to “bleeding kansas” SLAVERY FORCES WIN/ FREE SOILERS PROTEST “BORDER RUFFIANS” -Repealed Missouri Compromise… -Permitted expansion of slavery… -Led to bloodshed… -Split the Democratic Party… -Sparked formation of Republican party

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 6. Brooks-sumner incident Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 6. Brooks-sumner incident In 1856, a South Carolina Congressman, Preston Brooks, nearly killed Charles Sumner on the Senate floor two days after Sumner delivered an intensely anti-slavery speech called "The Crime against Kansas". In the speech, Sumner characterized the South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, as a pimp for slavery (Butler and Brooks were related). [1] The episode played a major role in the coming of the Civil War. It showed that tensions were high throughout the country. Brooks resigned his seat in Congress, but was re-elected by the people of his state. [1]

-Charles Sumner gives speech “Crime Against Kansas” -He is attacked in Senate chambers by Preston Brooks for offending Brook’s uncle. Brooks breaks his cane… -Brooks resigns, is re-elected

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 5. Dred scott decision Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 5. Dred scott decision In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that Black people were not citizens of the United States and therefore could not petition the Court. This established the principle that national legislation (meaning Congress) could not limit the spread of slavery into territories. The ruling in this case repealed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of It meant that they could no longer be any compromises over the addition of territory and slavery.

-Dred Scott is slave who sues for freedom in Dred Scott v. Sandford -Chief Justice Tanney and Supreme Court rule he is property and cannot sue. -Supreme Court also says that Congress cannot prohibit slavery in any territory -Invalidated the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of Major issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates… -Closer to war…

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 4. John brown’s raid Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 4. John brown’s raid John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an attempt by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a Federal Arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. Brown's raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party, was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Brown was found guilty of treason against the commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on December 2. (This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth, who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln.)

-John Brown plans raid on federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry -7 killed; 10 wounded -Robert E. Lee (and military) sent in… -Brown found guilty despite insanity plea and executed -Martyr for North/Paranoia for South

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 3. Election of 1860 Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 3. Election of 1860 The election of 1860 and the issue of slavery split the Democratic Party. Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas and Southern Democrats nominated John Breckinridge. The newly formed Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery into the territories; however, they acknowledged that slavery should be protected where it already existed. A forth candidate, John Bell, represented the Constitutional Union Party which was a combination of former Whigs who wanted to avoid secessionism over slavery and the former “Know Nothing” party. The name represented the simply idea that they would follow the Constitution and enforce the laws accordingly.

Election of 1860 Constitutional Union Bell Democratic Party (north) Douglas (south) Breckinridge Republican Lincoln LINCOLN BRECKINRIDGE BELL DOUGLAS Accepted slavery where it existed…opposed further extension into territories… Support popular sovereignty Support extension of slavery into territories & annexation of Cuba

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 2. South carolina secedes Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 2. South carolina secedes When Lincoln won the election of 1860, South Carolina followed through on a promise to secede. They were followed by Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The Southern States formed the Confederate States of America, also known as the Confederacy. They elected their own President (Jefferson Davis) and Vice President (Alexander Stephens) who were to serve a six year term. The Confederate States would be joined by Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia after the fighting actually started. Four states that held slaves did not secede and stayed part of the United States. They were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware.

-SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES -FOLLOWED BY GA, FL, MS, AL, LA, TX -PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS VP ALEXANDER STEPHENS

Top 10 events leading to the civil war… 1. Firing on fort sumter The war actually began when Confederate troops led by General Beauregaurd attacked the U.S. Military fort at Fort Sumter (near Charleston, South Carolina). Although the Union garrison returned fire, they were significantly outgunned and, after 34 hours, Major Robert Anderson of the U.S. Army agreed to evacuate. There was no loss of life on either side as a direct result of this engagement, although a gun explosion during the surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused one Union death. Following the battle, there was widespread support from both North and South for further military action. Lincoln called for volunteers to suppress the rebellion and the Civil War had begun.

-CONFEDERATE TROOPS LED BY GEN. BEAUREGAURD ATTACK FORT SUMTER -NO ONE KILLED DURING THE FIGHTING -FIRST SHOT FIRED BY RUFFIN -UNION TROOPS SURRENDER

HOW DID THE IDEA OF MANIFEST DESTINY LEAD TO THE CIVIL WAR? THINK ABOUT TERRITORIES ADDED AND THE SLAVERY QUESTION. MISSOURI COMPROMISE MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR COMPROMISE OF 1850 KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT DRED SCOTT DECISION