Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Carina of Figure 21.1 The major respiratory organs in relation to surrounding structures. Nasal cavity Oral cavity Nostril Pharynx Larynx Trachea Carina of trachea Left main (primary) bronchus Right main (primary) bronchus Left lung Right lung Diaphragm © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.3b The upper respiratory tract. Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Nasal cavity Posterior nasal aperture Nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) Nasopharynx Pharyngeal tonsil Nasal meatuses (superior, middle, and inferior) Opening of pharyngotympanic tube Nasal vestibule Uvula Nostril Oropharynx Hard palate Palatine tonsil Soft palate Isthmus of the fauces Tongue Lingual tonsil Laryngopharynx Hyoid bone Larynx Epiglottis Vestibular fold Thyroid cartilage Esophagus Vocal fold Cricoid cartilage Trachea Thyroid gland © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Illustration

Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Figure 21.4a The larynx. Epiglottis Thyrohyoid membrane Body of hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages Anterior superficial view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Corniculate cartilage Figure 21.4b The larynx. Epiglottis Body of hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Thyrohyoid membrane Cuneiform cartilage Fatty pad Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid muscles Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Cricoid cartilage Cricothyroid ligament Cricotracheal ligament Tracheal cartilages Sagittal view; anterior surface to the right © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx, posterior view Figure 21.4c The larynx. Epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Lateral thyrohyoid membrane Corniculate cartilage Arytenoid cartilage Glottis Cricoid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Photograph of cartilaginous framework of the larynx, posterior view © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.5a Movements of the vocal folds. Base of tongue Epiglottis Vestibular fold (false vocal cord) Vocal fold (true vocal cord) Glottis Cuneiform cartilage Corniculate cartilage Vocal folds in closed position; closed glottis © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.6a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Posterior Mucosa Esophagus Submucosa Trachealis muscle Lumen of trachea Seromucous gland in submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Anterior Cross section of the trachea and esophagus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.6b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Goblet cell Mucosa Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Lamina propria (connective tissue) Submucosa Seromucous gland In submucosa Hyaline cartilage Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.6c Tissue composition of the tracheal wall. Scanning electron micrograph of cilia in the trachea (2500x) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.7 Conducting zone passages. Trachea Superior lobe of left lung Left main (primary) bronchus Superior lobe of right lung Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Middle lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of right lung Inferior lobe of left lung © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.11 A cast of the bronchial tree. Right lung Left lung Right superior lobe (3 segments) Left superior lobe (4 segments) Right middle lobe (2 segments) Right inferior lobe (5 segments) Left inferior lobe (5 segments) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.8 Respiratory zone structures. Alveoli Alveolar duct Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar duct Terminal bronchiole Alveolar sac Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar pores Alveoli Alveolar sac © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.9a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane. Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Smooth muscle Elastic fibers Alveolus Capillaries Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.9c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane. Red blood cell Nucleus of type I alveolar cell Alveolar pores Capillary Capillary Macrophage Alveolus Endothelial cell nucleus Alveolus Alveolar epithelium Respiratory membrane Fused basement membranes of alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium Alveoli (gas-filled air spaces) Red blood cell in capillary Type II alveolar cell Type I alveolar cell Capillary endothelium Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. Figure 21.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscle Rib Parietal pleura Lung Pleural cavity Visceral pleura Trachea Thymus Apex of lung Left superior lobe Right superior lobe Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure Right middle lobe Left inferior lobe Oblique fissure Right inferior lobe Heart (in mediastinum) Diaphragm Cardiac notch Base of lung Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 21.12 Intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure relationships. Atmospheric pressure (Patm) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) Parietal pleura Thoracic wall Visceral pleura Pleural cavity Transpulmonary pressure 4 mm Hg (the difference between 0 mm Hg and −4 mm Hg) – 4 Intrapleural pressure (Pip) −4 mm Hg (756 mm Hg) Lung Diaphragm Intrapulmonary pressure (Ppul) 0 mm Hg (760 mm Hg) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.