Latin II Regular DEPENDENT USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE Chapters 43 – 54

How to distinguish types Main clause (indicative): Look at indicator (flag) words. Dependent clause (subjunctive): Look at SUBORDINATING conjunction FIRST. Distinguish among sub-types of clauses based on evidence in the main clause.

Clauses introduced by “cum” CUM CAUSAL: “cum” translates as “since” or “because” CUM CIRCUMSTANTIAL: “cum” translates as “when” – (Choose this type LAST – AFTER you’ve determined that “since” or “because” don’t work in the sentence.)

Clauses introduced by Interrogatives Look for “familiar” interrogatives, such as “cur” or “ubi.” Remember other possible interrogatives such as “unde,” “quo,” “utrum…an” …. – in other words, LOOK UP the subordinating conjunction if you’re not sure of the translation!

Clauses introduced by “ut” “ut…non” or “ne” RESULT CLAUSES Main clause has a “flag” word. TAM, TALIS, TANTUS, TANTUM, TOT, ADEO, SIC, ITA Subordinate clause shows the RESULT of the main clause Negative clauses are introduced by “ut” with “non” appearing later in the clause

Clauses introduced by “ut” (continued) INDIRECT COMMAND Main clause has a “flag” VERB which indicates a command, request, exhortation, etc. Pi, poor him! Hippo or mi! Persuadeo, impero, praecipio, obsecro, oro, rogo, hortor, invito, moneo! OR Hortor, impero, persuadeo, praecipio, obsecro, oro, rogo, moneo, invito

Indirect Command (continued) This clause is also known as “substantive clause of purpose” Positive “ut” – Negative “ne” Translate “ut” as “to” Translate “ne” as “not to” Translate the subjunctive verb as if it is completing the infinitive that started as “to”

Indirect Command (continued) Examples of indirect commands Imperavit eis ut discederent. “He ordered them TO LEAVE.” Monuit Sextum ne in urbem sine custode iret. “He warned Sextus NOT TO GO into the city without a guard.”

Purpose Clauses (Choose these LAST!) If there are NONE of the “flag” words in the main clause AND If the “ut” can be translated “so that” or “in order to” … THEN the “ut” clause is a PURPOSE CLAUSE!! Translate “ne” as “lest” (!), “so that…not” or “in order not to..”

Example of determining what type of “ut” clause Sextus adeo esuriebat ut cenare statim vellet. FLAG word: adeo “he wanted to dine immediately” is the result of “Sextus was so hungry..” Sextus was so hungry that he wanted to dine immediately. RESULT CLAUSE!

Another example of “ut” clause Cornelius Corneliae praecepit ut in atrium statim veniret. FLAG VERB: praecepit “ut” translates as “to” and “veniret” completes the infinitive = “to come” Cornelius instructed Cornelia TO COME into the atrium immediately. INDIRECT COMMAND!

Clause introduced by “ne” Eucleides monet pueros ne ë villa exeant. FLAG VERB: monet “ne” translates “not to” and “exeant” translates as “go out” Eucleides warns the boys not to go out of the house. INDIRECT COMMAND

One more example of “ut” clause Coquus in culinam intravit ut cenam pararet. NO “FLAG” words! “ut” translates “so that” or “in order to” The cook went into the kitchen IN ORDER TO cook dinner. OR The cook went into the kitchen SO THAT HE MIGHT (OR COULD) prepare dinner. PURPOSE CLAUSE!!!

Last example! (Thank goodness!) Eucleides per vias festinavit ne a praedonibus caperentur. NO FLAG WORDS! Eucleides hurried through the streets LEST he be captured by robbers. (Correct…but weird!) Eucleides hurried through the streets IN ORDER NOT TO be captured by robbers. NEGATIVE PURPOSE CLAUSE!!