Industrial Revolution WHII.9

The Industrial Revolution began in England and spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States. WHY???

The Industrial Revolution Spurred by revolution in technology Originated in England because of… Natural resources! Mainly Coal and Iron Ore Water power and coal to fuel new machines Iron Ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings Rivers for inland transportation Harbors from which merchant ships set sail What are natural resources?

The Industrial Revolution Originated in England because…. 2. The invention and improvement of the steam engine occurred in England Who was this invented by? 3. Supportive economy and workforce 4. Willingness to invest 5. Political stability 6. Had ALL factors of production that were needed Land, Labor and Wealth! From England, it spread to the rest of Europe and then United States

The British Enclosure Movement 1700—small farms covered England Wealthy landowners bought out small village farmers Improved farming methods (agricultural revolution) After buying all of the land it was enclosed Enabled to cultivate larger fields (enclosures) Landowners experimented with more productive seeding and harvesting methods Higher crop yields!

The British Enclosure Movement Results: New agricultural methods Large landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers OR give it up and move to cities What did this lead to? (Especially for cities?)

The Cotton/Textile Industry

The Cotton/Textile Industry Britain’s textile industry clothed the WORLD in wool, linen, and cotton. First industry to industrialize Late 1700 to early 1800 Several major machines modernized the cotton industry Among them were the spinning jenny, flying shuttle, and cotton gin

The Cotton/Textile Industry Flying Shuttle Invented by John Kay Doubled the work a weaver could do in one day First operated by hand WEAVES the yarn into CLOTH

The Cotton/Textile Industry Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves Cash prize attracted people to work to invent a spinner that could keep up with the fast pace of the weaver (flying shuttle) Named the spinning wheel after his daughter Allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time First operated by hand

Invented by James Hargreaves Spinning Jenny Invented by James Hargreaves

The Cotton/Textile Industry Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney England’s cotton came from plantations in the American south Industrialization of the textile industry in England increased the demand for cotton dramatically 1790s: removing seeds from raw cotton was VERY hard work and VERY prickly!! 1793: cotton gin was invented to speed up the process

Invented by Eli Whitney American cotton production skyrocketed….. Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney American cotton production skyrocketed….. 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810!!!

Technological advances that produced the Industrial Revolution

Steam Engine Invented by James Watt 1765 Scottish Prior to his faster and more efficient improvement it used too much fuel Watt’s steam engine would work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel. Built a better engine to be used in factories and transportation Steam engine makes factories have power!

Steam Engine Invented by James Watt

The Bessemer Process Invented by Henry Bessemer Created a process for making steel First inexpensive process for creating steel out of iron Burned excess carbon and impurities out of molten iron

Invented by Henry Bessemer The Bessemer Process Invented by Henry Bessemer

The Bessemer Process Henry Bessemer

Advancements in Science and Medicine

Smallpox Vaccine Developed by Edward Jenner 1st successful vaccine Why did this have a large impact on life?

Bacteria Discovered by Louis Pasteur French chemist Developed germ theory of disease Mid-1800s Bacteria causes disease! While examining fermentation process of alcohol Developed pasteurization process Kill germs in liquids such as milk

Match the inventions and people below. Warm-Up Match the inventions and people below. 1. Cotton Gin a. Henry Bessemer 2. Spinning Jenny b. Louis Pasteur 3. Flying Shuttle c. John Hargreaves 4. Bessemer Process D. James Watt 5. Smallpox Vaccine E. Edward Jenner 6. Bacteria F. John Kay 7. Steam Engine G. Eli Whitney

Impacts of the industrial revolution on industrialized countries

Impact… Population increase Increased standards of living for many BUT not all Improved transportation Urbanization (what?) Environmental pollution Increased education Dissatisfaction of working class with working conditions Growth of middle class

Improved Transportation American Robert Fulton Invented the Steamboat Led to transportation of goods and people up and down rivers George Stephenson Invented, improved, and built the Steam Locomotive “The Rocket” Led to widespread development of railroads for transportation of people and goods Roads were also improved Drainage systems were invented to eliminate the problem of mud

Improved Transportation

Environmental Pollution How did environmental pollution increase due to the industrial revolution?

Working conditions Average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week Factory owners wanted to increase production and keep machines going as much as possible Factories were not clean and poorly lit Workers were injured by machines No government program/protection to aid workers (worker comp.) Most dangerous conditions were in the coal mines

Growth of Middle Class New middle class transformed social structure of Great Britain and other industrialized nations

With the Industrial Revolution came an increased demand for raw materials from the Americas, Asia, and Africa.

Advancements in technology produced the Industrial Revolution, while advancements in science and medicine altered the lives of people living in the new industrial cities. Cultural changes soon followed. WHY???

Nature of Work and the Labor Force WHII.9c

The effects of the Industrial Revolution I. Increase in population, education, and middle class N. New advancements in Science (Jenner and Pasteur) D. Dangerous Working conditions U. Urbanization (city growth) S. Standard of Living increases (how much you can buy) T. Transportation improves (trains) R. Rise of pollution Y. Yeah, improvements to steel production (Bessemer process)

Agricultural economies were based on the family unit Agricultural economies were based on the family unit. The Industrial Revolution had a significant impact on the structure and function of the family.

Nature of Work in The factory System First factory system was created at home in cottages Cottage Industry Family-based Cottage industry was displaced by the new factory system

Cottage Industry Farm #3 Town Farm #2 Sheep Farms Farm #1 The Merchant’s Route Farm #1 Farm #3 Sheep Farms FINISH Town Farm #2 START

The Factory Worker’s House Worker’s House Worker’s House The Factory System The Worker’s System

Nature of Work in The factory System Harsh working conditions—men competed with women and children for wages/jobs Child labor—kept costs of production low and profits high Owners of mines and factories—exercised HUGE control over the lives of their laborers

Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Slavery Due to the new inventions did need for slave labor increase or decrease? Why or why not? Due to the cotton gin the demand for slave labor on American plantations increased. 1800s: United States and Great Britain outlawed the slave trade and then slavery.

Social Effects of the Industrial Revolution Women and children entering the workplace as CHEAP labor Introduction of reforms to end child labor Expansion of education Women’s increased demands for suffrage What does that mean?

Warm-Up: Friday, November 5th What were the social effects of the industrial revolution? How did the industrial revolution change slavery? In addition, how was slavery effected in the long run? In what country did the industrial revolution begin and how did it spread? List at least three reasons why the revolution began in the country it did. What was the first industry to industrialize?

Rise of Labor Unions Encouraged work-organized strikes to demand increased wages and improved working conditions Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children Wanted workers’ rights and collective bargaining between labor and management What is collective bargaining?

The Industrial Revolution placed new demands on the labor of men, women, and children. Workers organized labor unions to fight for improved working conditions and workers’ rights.

Rise of Labor Unions Pg. 304-306 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdu2wrOZVsY&p=1B26308E66D92C98&playnext=1&index=14

Communism & Capitalism

??? What is an economic system? The way a government or state uses their money Governments use money to help people or provide for them It depends on your economic system as to how it spends that money

What is capitalism? An economic system Believes in individual ownership and competition. The theory is that when everyone is selfish, it benefits everyone. Adam Smith is “the” capitalist.

What’s good about capitalism? Freedom and choices. You can work wherever, buy whatever, and pretty much do whatever. If you’re successful, you can be very successful. Example: Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Lebron James

What’s bad about capitalism? No “safety net.” If you’re unsuccessful, you can be very unsuccessful. Think about the poor. There is a BIG gap between rich and poor

What is communism? An economic system. Believes in collective (group) ownership and a planned economy. The theory is that everybody pools their resources and labor to evenly distribute everything. Karl Marx is “the” communist.

Communist Manifesto Abolition of property Heavy, progressive taxes Abolition of inheritance Confiscation of property of all emigrants and rebels Central banking State-controlled communication and transportation State-controlled education of the children

Marxism They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern or cylcle Marx and Engels studied the history of the world’s economies Communism!!!! Socialism Capitalism They believed they discovered an inevitable pattern or cylcle Feudalism Basic Communism

Communism/Socialism: What’s the difference? Socialism is, “from each according to their ability, to each according to their DEEDS.” Socialism is the stage between Capitalism and Communism. It builds upon the previous system (Capitalism) by nationalizing the “means of production” (i.e. corporations, resources, banks, etc.), but not by making everyone equal. People are paid wages based on several factors (social need, difficulty, amount of schooling required, etc.), so not everyone will make the same wage. Communism is “from each according to their ability to each according to their NEEDS.” EVERYONE GETS THE SAME THINGS!!!!!

What’s good about communism? Security, basic needs met. Everyone would have a job, house, health care, etc.

What’s bad about communism? Lack of choice No reward for being a better worker or punishment for being a slacker. Everyone expected to be the same Not a lot of creativity

How’s this related to the Industrial Revovlution? Adam Smith’s capitalism dominated the Industrial Revolution. If you owned a good, successful business, there were no regulations to how you treat workers This leads to BAD working conditions. Karl Marx wrote about communism as a solution to capitalism’s problems Marx said the workers would get fed up and overthrow their governments and start communism. THAT IS THE CYCLE!

Warm-Up: Monday, April 23rd Answer the following and then prepare to turn in your warm ups. What were some things that led to the dissatisfaction of people in capitalist economies? What is the difference between capitalism, communism, and socialism? Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital? What were the two books above about?

Warm-Up: Thursday, April 14th Answer the following questions using your notes we took yesterday. What were some things that led to the dissatisfaction of people in capitalist economies? What is the difference between capitalism, communism, and socialism? Who wrote the Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital? What were the two books above about? Why did nations in Europe compete for new markets in Africa and Asia?.

Imperialism WHII.9d-e

What Is Nationalism? What is Imperialism? Pride or devotion to one’s nation What Is Nationalism? What is Imperialism? Colonizing a land that doesn't belong to you; making it a territory of your land 

Why did imperialism become popular? How? Why did imperialism become popular? Nationalism motivated European nations to compete for colonial possessions. European economic, military, and political power FORCED colonized countries to trade on European terms. Industrially produced goods flooded colonial markets and displaced their traditional industries. Colonized peoples resisted European domination and responded in diverse ways to Western influences.

Why did imperialism become popular? How? Why did imperialism become popular? Industrial nations in Europe NEEDED NATURAL RESOURCES and MARKETS to expand their economies.

Forms of Imperialism Colonies A county or territory governed by a foreign power Most were established for the benefit of the mother country During this time the “mother country” looked for supplies to help fuel the industrial revolution at home

Forms of Imperialism 2. Protectorates A country or territory with its own internal government BUT is still under the control of an outside power It is likely that the outside power established the government in place to mirror their own

Forms of Imperialism 3. Spheres of influence An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges The “mother country” does not inflict its government or full control on the sphere of influence but instead uses something such as its resources.

Imperialism in Africa & Asia European Domination During the late 19th to early 20th century European nations used their power and control to dominate places in Africa and Asia for European own benefit. Stronger countries dominated the political, economic, and social life of weaker countries Especially in Africa Europeans also believed they were superior Growth of racism and Social Darwinism

Imperialism in Africa & Asia European conflicts carried to the colonies Berlin Conference Competition over colonies was so fierce European countries feared war against one another In order to prevent the conflict 14 European nations met at the Berlin Conference (1884-1885) to lay down rules for the division of Africa ***Set rules for division of Africa***

Imperialism in Africa & Asia Christian missionary efforts Prior to the mid-1800s Europeans did not enter the interior of Africa Why did they not need to enter Africa before? When people began exploring missionaries were sent to convert the African people to Christianity

Imperialism in Africa & Asia Spheres of Influence in China Europeans and Japanese established spheres of influence in China These foreign nations controlled trade and investment US declared an open door policy which upset the Chinese and led to the Boxer Rebellion

Imperialism in Africa & Asia Suez Canal After Napoleon failed to take Egypt a new leader emerged – Muhammad Ali Began reform in Egypt Muhammad Ali’s efforts to modernize Egypt were continued by his grandson Ismail Construction of the Suez Canal man-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez Connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Opened in 1869 and became the “lifeline of the empire” ***Allowed Britain quicker access to its colonies in Asia and Africa

East India Company East India’s Company domination in Indian states (Britain still has links in India in mid-1800s) The area controlled by the East India Company grew over time British government regulated but didn’t really interfere Britain cherished India at first for its potential rather than its profit America’s opening of Japan trade The US opened Japan for trade They let go of the policy of isolationism

Responses of Colonized People Armed Conflicts Boxer Rebellion in China Pg. 374 Rise of Nationalism First Indian nationalist party founded in mid- 1800s Pg. 361

Responses of Colonized People Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements As foreign influence grew in China, poor peasants and workers resented the special privileges granted to the foreigners in China due to the “Open Door Policy” They developed the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists AKA “Boxers”

Responses of Colonized People Armed Conflicts Boxer Rebellion in China Boxers’ campaign against the Dowager Empress (Qing Dynasty) and foreign privilege became known as the Boxer Rebellion In 1900, they descended on Beijing and surrounded the European section of the city Kept it under siege for several months 19,000 troops marched in and defeated the boxers Result: Strong sense of nationalism emerged in China and believed the government must be responsive to their needs

Responses of Colonized People Rise of Nationalism First Indian nationalist party founded in mid- 1800s With British control, more Indians demanded modernization and a greater role in governing themselves Didn’t want India to be controlled by outsiders Led by Ram Mohun Roy – “Father of Modern India” Two nationalist groups formed: Indian National Congress and Muslim League Concentrated on concerns for Indians and later called for self-government

European nations competed to control Africa and Asia in order to secure their own economic and political success.

Imperialism spread the economic, political, and social philosophies of Europe throughout the world.

Resistance to imperialism took many forms, including armed conflict and intellectual movements.