Section 1: SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CHAPTER 6 – Enlightenment and Revolution

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AIM: How was people’s understanding of the world changed by the Scientific Revolution? DO NOW: 1. What’s a revolution? 2. How does science contradict religious teachings? TEACHING POINT: Students will be able to explain how the Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans viewed the world. LESSON EXTENSION / HOMEWORK: Write a paragraph to answer the following question: Why does to what extent was the Scientific Revolution a rejection of traditional authority?

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION DO NOW ANSWERS: What’s a revolution? A drastic & far-reaching change in ways of thinking & behaving 2. How does science contradict religious teachings? Science – earth and other planets revolve around the sun Bible – sun revolves around the earth Science does not provide any evidence of an afterlife whereas religions have stories of heaven/paradise & hell

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION BIG IDEA From the 1500s-1700s, Europeans Experienced the Scientific Revolution, which caused people to change their views about the universe.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION I- Ideas About the Universe 1. Old Ideas - earth was center of universe 2. New Ideas - they questioned old ideas about world II- Copernicus 1. Used math to suggest heliocentric theory (sun in center of universe) A- Rejected by most scholars III- Galileo 1. Supported heliocentric theory with observation using telescope A- Caused uproar with Church B- Church put Galileo on trial C- Threatened with death, Galileo took back his ideas publicly IV- Newton 1. used math to prove gravity (force keeps planets in their orbits around sun) V- The Scientific Method 1. New approach to science 2. Experimentation & observation (rather than relying on authorities) VI- Descartes & Human Reasoning 1. Believed human reason (instead of tradition) should be way to discover truth 2. “I think. Therefore I am.” * Thinkers of Scientific Revolution paved way for other changes in Europe * CLASS NOTES

Nicolaus Copernicus EXPLANATION THINK ABOUT IT… He developed heliocentric model of the universe (which states that sun is center, & that earth revolves around it). Despite his calculations, many scholars disagree with his theories & continue to believe in the geocentric model proposed by the ancient Greek Ptolemy 1500 years earlier. THINK ABOUT IT…

heliocentric EXPLANATION Theory of the universe that states the sun is the center, & that the earth revolves around it. Copernicus proposed the theory using mathematics. Galileo supported the theory using observations of the sky (using his telescope) heliocentric THINK ABOUT IT… How did the heliocentric theory of the universe differ from the geocentric theory?

WHY WAS THE HELIOCENTRIC THEORY SUCH A “BIG DEAL” ? The heliocentric theory contradicted the traditional way of thinking about the universe & went against the Bible: "the world is firmly established, it cannot be moved.” -PSALM 93:1, PSALM 96:10, & 1 CHRONICLES16:30 "the LORD set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved… And the sun rises and sets and returns to its place, etc.” -PSALM 104:5

In what two ways does Galileo seek to appease the Church? DEFINITION (1564-1642) Italian astronomer. One of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove Copernicus’ heliocentric model correct.
 Galileo continues Copernicus' work by observing the skies with a homemade telescope.  Although he was able to prove Copernicus correct, his work was rejected by the Church & he was forced to recant (take back) or face execution. Galileo Galilei EXPLANATION In what two ways does Galileo seek to appease the Church?

They also put him on house arrest. GALILEO & THE CHURCH The Catholic Church forced Galileo to recant (take back) Copernican views. “With sincere (honest) heart and…faith I [reject] . . . and detest (hate) the errors and heresies (against the Church) [of Copernicus] and also every other error . . . contrary to the Holy Church, and I swear that in the future I will never again say or assert . . .anything that might cause a similar suspicion toward me.” -- Galileo They also put him on house arrest.

HELIOCENTRIC THEORY 1. What do you see in this picture? (Who do you think those people are?) 2. What do you think this cartoon is about? 3. What do you think these two people are talking about?

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION THE “BIG IDEAS” From the 1500s through 1700s, Experienced the Scientific Revolution (when people changed their views of the universe) HELIOCENTRIC MODEL = COPERNICUS’ THEORY THAT THE SUN, NOT THE EARTH, IS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE INDUCTIVE REASONING = CREATING NEW, BIGGER IDEAS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS

This method of research is the basis for modern science. DEFINITION Scientific method Uses observation & experimentation to explain theories on the workings of the universe. EXPLANATION This process removed blind adherence to tradition from science, & allowed scientists to logically find answers through the use of reason.  This method of research is the basis for modern science.

Scientific Revolution DEFINITION Scientific Revolution Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about workings of the universe. One of the main ideas to come out of the Scientific Revolution was the use of the Scientific Method (which uses observation & experimentation to explain theories on how the universe works). THINK ABOUT IT… In what ways was the Scientific Revolution a rejection of traditional authority?

gravitation important? EXPLANATION (1642-1727) English scientist discovered gravitation, invented calculus, & formulated the laws of motion. Isaac Newton built upon the earlier work of Copernicus & Galileo & used mathematics to describe gravity as the force that keeps planets revolving around the sun.  He also explained that this same force is what causes objects to fall to earth. Isaac Newton THINK ABOUT IT… Why was the law of gravitation important?

Rene Descartes DEFINITION (1596-1650) French intellectual who challenged traditional ideas. He said that human reason was capable of discovering & explaining the laws of nature & man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution. Rene Descartes CLARIFICATION Reasoning is a process of thinking carefully about something in order to make a judgment.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Francis Bacon, Galileo, & Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on 1.the experiences of past civilizations 2.experimentation & observation 3.emotions & feelings 4.the teachings of the Catholic Church

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REGENTSPREP MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Francis Bacon, Galileo, & Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on 1.the experiences of past civilizations 2.experimentation & observation 3.emotions & feelings 4.the teachings of the Catholic Church Correct Answer Number: 2 Explanation: These scientists prompted the Scientific Revolution through their use of the scientific method to carry out careful experiments based on sound hypotheses.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REGENTSPREP MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS During the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists & philosophers was that they 1.relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers 2.favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions 3.received support from the Catholic Church 4.examined natural laws governing the universe

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REGENTSPREP MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS During the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists & philosophers was that they 1.relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers 2.favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions 3.received support from the Catholic Church 4.examined natural laws governing the universe Correct Answer Number: 4 Explanation: Explaining the world through the use of natural laws was commonplace for both scientists wishing to explain natural phenomenon & philosophers concerned with the nature of man & government.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REGENTSPREP MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, & Rene Descartes? 1.The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. 2.The scientific method was used to solve problems. 3.Funding to education was increased by the English government. 4.Interest in Greek & Roman drama was renewed.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION REGENTSPREP MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, & Rene Descartes? 1.The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. 2.The scientific method was used to solve problems. 3.Funding to education was increased by the English government. 4.Interest in Greek & Roman drama was renewed. Correct Answer Number: 2 Explanation: The scientific method uses experimentation & observation to prove theories. All three people used this method in their work, which resulted in others following their example.

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING ACTIVITIES ACTIVITY #1 - DRAWING CONCLUSIONS “If I have seen farther than others,” said Newton, “it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.” Could this be said of most scientific accomplishments? Explain. ACTIVITY #2 - ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might institutions of authority tend to reject new ideas? ACTIVITY #3 - FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you agree with Galileo’s actions during his Inquisition? Explain. ACTIVITY #4 - WRITING ACTIVITY Create a television script for a discovery of the Scientific Revolution. Include key people, ideas, and accomplishments. ACTIVITY #5 – WRITING ACTIVITY “Religion, superstition, and fear were replaced by reason and knowledge” How does this quote apply to the Scientific Revolution?

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION - MATCHING ACTIVITY DIRECTIONS: Match the European scholar with his achievement. ACHIEVEMENT He said that human reason was capable of discovering & explaining the laws of nature & man. The idea of human reason being superior to tradition led to the beginning of the Enlightenment, a time of political awakening that became revolution. He said “I think. Therefore I am” One of his main contributions is the application of the telescope to astronomy. He was able to prove the heliocentric model correct.
 He discovered gravitation, invented calculus, & formulated the laws of motion. Developed the heliocentric model of the universe.  This states that the sun is the center, & that the earth revolves around it. SCHOLAR Nicolaus Copernicus Gaileo Galilei Isaac Newton Rene Descartes

Review Questions 1. the sun is the center, all planets revolve around the sun, Moon is not made of a pure substance, question the church and the Bible, angry at the church for controlling, 2. repeat it to make sure the results are the same, accurate answer, you can make a mistake 3. religious authority, pope, monarchs (kings, queens), earth is not the center of the universe, human reasoning

DBQ 1. 2.

Literacy Activity 1. 2B. 3C. 5.