1. Explain how Japanese history classes teach WWII/Japanese war crimes. 2. Why do some Japanese civilians deny war crimes committed during WWII? What is their rationale for doing so? 3. What is a comfort woman? How do the Chinese and Japanese depictions of comfort women differ? Why? 4. How does Japan’s portrayal of their war crimes (or “incidents” according to them) impact their relationship with other Asian countries? 5. THINKER: In your opinion, why is there strong opposition towards including Japanese war crimes in the textbooks? What could change this? Do you think this will ever change? Explain!

 Bring your chapter 9 packet tomorrow – BW will focus on other political/economic effects of WWII.  Also, tomorrow will be dedicated to a Total War review. As you know, this is a key concept of EA #2. Please bring your WWI notes in order to complete the activity.  No school Monday!  Tuesday we will start our first Limited War case study…… The Malvinas/Falklands War

 Germany was totally defeated, and the Nazi regime brought down. Its leaders were tried for crimes against humanity at Nuremberg.  German cities were in ruins from a massive bombing campaign.  Millions were displaced  Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers

November October 1946

 November 1943  Published by the U.S., Soviet Union, and England  Gave a "full warning" that, when the Nazis were defeated, the Allies would "pursue them to the uttermost ends of the earth... in order that justice may be done.... and will be punished by a joint decision of the Government of the Allies.”  In accordance with the declaration of the United Nations

 Tribunal persecuted 23 top Nazi officials for the following:  Count One: Participation in a common plan for the accomplishment of a crime against peace  Count Two: Planning, initiating, waging aggressive war  violation of international law or treaties  Count Three: War Crimes  including mistreatment of prisoners of war or civilian populations  Count Four: Crimes Against Humanity  murder, extermination, enslavement of civilian populations; persecution on the basis of racial, religions or political grounds

 Heinrich Himmler: leader/founder of the SS, chief of German police (including the Gestapo), facilitator of all concentration camps  Joseph Goebbels: Minister of Propaganda, Chancellor of Germany, facilitator of all censorship and media

 Ratlines: system of escape routes for Fascists  These escape routes mainly led toward havens in South America, particularly Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Uruguay, Chile, and Bolivia.  Other destinations included the United States, Great Britain, Canada and the Middle East.  There were two primary routes: the first went from Germany to Spain, then Argentina; the second from Germany to Rome to Genoa, then South America  13 top ranking Nazis escaped to South America  Joseph Mengele, head doctor at Auschwitz lived rest of his life in Brazil  Gustav Wagner, Staff Sargent of SS lived rest of life in Argentina  Other “missing” officials were assumed to escape, but never found

 Martin Bormann: Hitler’s private secretary, 2 nd in command at Auschwitz, general in SS, responsible for domestic affairs  Tried in absentia  Robert Ley: head of the German Labour Front

 Leader of the Nazi Party, founder of the Gestapo, commander-and- chief of the Luftwaffe, 2 nd in command

"I only thought we would eliminate Jews from positions in big business and government"

 Twelve were sentenced to death  Seven received prison sentences (ranging from 10 years to life in prison)  Three were acquitted  Two were not charged  The definition of what constitutes a war crime is now described by the Nuremberg principles, a set of guidelines created as a result of the trial  Influenced the Tokyo War Tribunal

 tPa0

 Japan was eliminated as a major power  Allied occupation of Japan; MacArthur was appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP)  Removal of Japanese troops in China  In 1949, China falls to communism under Zedong  Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided), Pacific Islands  SU gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands  The Emperor would help maintain political stability and facilitate reform  Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new constitution

Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941– 45 CountryAmount in US$Date of treaty Burma200,000,000November 5, 1955 Philippines550,000,000May 9, 1956 Indonesia223,080,000January 20, 1958 Vietnam38,000,000May 13, 1959 Total $1,012,080,000

Japanese overseas assets in 1945 Country/regionValue (US Dollars) Korea468,370,000 Taiwan2,846,100,000 North East China9,768,800,000 North China3,695,800,000 Central South China2,447,900,000 Others1,867,600,000 Total $25,300,000,000

April 1946 – November 1948

In January 1946, MacArthur ordered the establishment of an International Military Tribunal Accused the defendants of promoting a scheme of conquest that "contemplated and carried out...murdering, maiming and ill- treating prisoners of war (and) civilian internees...forcing them to labor under inhumane conditions...plundering public and private property, wantonly destroying cities, towns, and villages beyond any justification of military necessity; (perpetrating) mass murder, rape, pillage, torture and other barbaric cruelties upon the helpless civilian population of the over-run countries."

 Class A: participation in a joint conspiracy to start and wage war  28 Japanese military/political leaders charged with Class A  Class B: crimes against humanity  Class C: those in "the planning, ordering, authorization, or failure to prevent such transgressions at higher levels in the command structure“  more than 5,700 Japanese nationals were charged with Class B and C crimes, mostly entailing prisoner abuse

 Trials were carried out by General MacArthur and an appointed 11 judges (Australia, Canada, China, France, India, Netherlands, New Zealand, Philippines, UK, US & USSR)

"War and treaty-breakers should be stripped of the glamour of national heroes and exposed as what they really are—plain, ordinary murderers”

The trial lasted for more than two and a half years, hearing testimony from 419 witnesses and admitting 4,336 exhibits of evidence, including depositions from 779 individuals.

 Emperor Hirohito (Allies needed him to legitimize democratic reforms)  Nobusuke Kishi (conservative ally – later Prime Minister)  Shiro Iishi (received immunity in exchange for data on medical experiments)

 "MacArthur's truly extraordinary measures to save Hirohito from trial as a war criminal had a lasting and profoundly distorting impact on Japanese understanding of the lost war... months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tojo”  Japanese Historian, Herbert Bix  3 of the judges on trial later said Hirohito should’ve been the main one tried, and Tojo should’ve been the one acquitted

 984 were condemned to death  475 received life sentences  2,944 were given prison terms  1,018 were acquitted  279 were never brought to trial or not sentenced

 Show the clip!

 In 1978, 1,068 convicted war criminals, including 14 convicted Class- A war criminals (Tojo) were secretly enshrined at Yasukuni Shrine

 Today, denial of Japanese war crimes remains a symbol of nationalism  In a Japanese survey conducted on the 60 th Anniversary of the sentencing (2006):  70% of those questioned were unaware of the details of the trials  rose to 90% for those in the 20–29 age group.  76% recognized a degree of aggression on Japan's part during the war  Only 7% believed it was a war strictly for self-defense

 In your opinion, do you think the U.S., Soviet Union, England or France should have been tried for war crimes? Why or why not?  How would they have been tried?  Should a victorious power be forced to take responsibility?

 Compare/Contrast the two War Crimes Trials

 Today’s BW focuses on effects of WWII. If you need help, refer to your ch. 9 packet 1. WWII was much more economically devastating than WWI…… WHY??? 2. Read the excerpt from Judt’s Postwar: A History of Europe (pg. 179) According to him, how were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII? 3. Describe the political/territorial changes in Europe post-WWII. 4. List three changes implemented by the Allies in Japan post-WWII. 5. How did WWII affect European empires and colonies?