End Show Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 2 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biotic and Abiotic Factors Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors. Biotic – biological factors

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biotic and Abiotic Factors Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors. Abiotic factors include: temperature precipitation humidity wind nutrient availability soil type sunlight

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biotic and Abiotic Factors The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Define Resource:

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Yellow-Rumped Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeding height (m) Cape May Warbler

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 9 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation. Predator Prey

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 10 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 11 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. ex. Lichen

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 12 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. ex. Epiphyte

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 13 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. Ex. Mistletoe, wasp & hornworm, tick

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 14 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession What is ecological succession?

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 16 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession. The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 17 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 18 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession The first organisms to appear are lichens.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 19 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 20 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 21 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Secondary Succession Events that can lead to secondary succession: fires, abandoned fields, logging

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End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 23 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 24 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 25 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 26 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 27 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2

End Show Slide 28 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? a.water b.a heron c.climate d.day length

End Show Slide 29 of 39 An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because a.The niche does not include the place where the organism lives. b.the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives. c.the niche includes only abiotic factors. d.the niche includes only biotic factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2

End Show Slide 30 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called a.competition. b.predation. c.symbiosis. d.cooperation.

End Show Slide 31 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called a.symbiosis. b.mutualism. c.commensalism. d.parasitism.

End Show Slide 32 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually a.grasses and shrubs. b.pioneers such as lichens. c.small plants such as mosses. d.small animals such as rodents.

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