Europe Faces Revolutions Chapter 8.2

The Congress of Vienna Restored monarchies and territorial divisions that existed before the French Revolution. Kept warfare between European countries to a minimum for 100 years. Did not stop the spread of Enlightenment ideas within countries. Between 1815-1848, revolutions erupted all across Europe.

Clash of Philosophies Conservatives: wealthy property owners and nobility, argued for protecting monarchies. Liberals: middle-class merchants/businessmen wanted elected parliaments, limited voting. Radicals: wanted to extend democracy to all people based on ideas of Fr. Rev. – liberty, equality, brotherhood.

Nationalism Develops Nationalism: belief that people’s greatest loyalty should be to other people who share a common history/culture, not to a king/queen. Nation: a group of people who believe they share a common history and culture – they identify as one distinct group of people. Nation-state: when a nation has its own independent government and territory.

Nationalists Challenge Conservatives The Balkans: In 1827, a combined British/ French/ Russian fleet fought against the Ottomans to make Greece an independent country. Belgium: In 1830, Belgian nationalists declared their independence from Dutch control. In 1848, nationalist revolutions occurred in Hungary, Bohemia, Italy, Russia, and the political theories clashed all over Europe.

France vs. Russia Odd #’s: France (pg. 256) Even #’s: Russia (pg. 256-257) Identify which of the three philosophies were involved, and when. List the changes that were made at each stage.

Nationalism Case Study: Italy and Germany Chapter 8.3

Review Conservatives Liberals Radicals Nationalism Nation Nation-state 1800’s Revolutions

Types of Nationalist Movements Unification Mergers of politically divided but culturally similar lands. Ex – Italy and Germany Separation Culturally distinct group resists being added to a state or tries to break away. Ex – The Balkans State-building Culturally distinct groups form into a new state by accepting a single culture. Ex – The US

Nationalism Shakes Empires The Austrian Empire Empire split into half, Hungary became independent The Russian Empire Russification helped strengthen ethnic nationalism The Ottoman Empire Multi-ethnic empire weakened by nationalism, broke apart after WWI

Italy and Germany Pages 260-261 Complete your part of the notes outline. Teach your partner about the unification of your assigned country. Learn about the unification of the other country from your partner.

Power Shifts The Congress of Vienna had established 5 Great Powers in Europe: Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and Prussia. By 1871, Prussia had upset the balance of power by uniting Germany. Britain and Germany were the most powerful countries by far, both militarily and economically.