Public Transport, Urban Design and Walking Professor Graham Currie Institute of Transport Studies Monash University, Australia MAV Smart Urban Futures National Conference March 26 th 2015 Rydges, 186 Exhibition Street, Melbourne "1 flinders st station melb" by Adam.J.W.C. - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons -

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 1Introduction 2Important Strides? 3 How Tracking? 4The Right Steps? 2 Agenda Copyright © Marcus WongMarcus Wong

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management The importance of PT and walking is reviewed plus current performance and good practice 3 Important Strides? How Tracking? The Right Steps?

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 1Introduction 2Important Strides? 3 How Tracking? 4The Right Steps? Agenda Copyright © Marcus WongMarcus Wong 4

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management What share of rail, tram and bus users walk to/from PT? 5 Share that Walk to/from Public Transport Source: Access/Egress from Melbourne Public Transport Public Transport Main Mode

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management What share of rail, tram and bus users walk to/from PT? 6 Source: Common Sense! Share that Walk to/from Public Transport Access/Egress from Melbourne Public Transport Public Transport Main Mode 100

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management What share walk and use no other mode? 7 Share that Walk to Public Transport and Use No Other Access Mode Source: PTV OD-Surveys Access to Melbourne Public Transport Public Transport Main Mode

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Think like a passenger; a typical trip… Access Walk 5 Mins Actual Time (mins) Expected Wait 10 Mins Unexpected Wait 1 Mins In-Vehicle Travel 1 10 Mins Transfer Time 1 8 Mins In-Vehicle Travel 2 5 Mins Egress Walk 5 Mins Total Time 44 Mins Note: 1 Includes a walk and wait 2 See TransFund NZ June June 2004 DoI Guideline on economic, social and environmental cost-benefit analysis Perceptual Weightings plus a 10 min transfer penalty Mins Percieved Time (mins) 20 Mins 5 Mins 10 Mins 26 Mins 5 Mins 10 Mins 86 Mins

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Typical Weighted Travel Time by Element Walk Time Represents 33% of total perceived travel time Similar for non transfer trips Yet little infrastructure investment surrounds this issue Jurisdictional boundary problems is a major issue here Represents 33% of total perceived travel time Similar for non transfer trips Yet little infrastructure investment surrounds this issue Jurisdictional boundary problems is a major issue here …where walking is 33% of perceived time

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Perceived Weighting of Walk Time:  Typical average = 2.0  MVA (1987); = 2.0; retired people have higher values  HCG (1990); = 1.3 (under 50 years of age) = 3.0 (over 50 years of age)  SDG (1990) = 0.9 (short trips) = 1.9 (long trips)  Ryan LT (1990) = 4.4 (Stairs walk up) = 3.0 (Stairs walk down) = 1.5 (Riding on Escalators) = 2.8 (Escalators not working walk down) = 4.2 (Escalators not working walk up) 10 Source: TransFund NZ June 2000 Valuation of Public Transport Attributes

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 11 Walk Activity And Public Transport Improves Health Outcomes Source: Pucher and Dijkstra (2003) ‘Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health’ AM Journal of Public Health Sept 2003 Degree of Required Exercise by PT Use/Total Share Getting Enough Exercise Case Source: Pucher, Walking and Cycling for Public Health

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management How much of Melbourne walk activity does PT represent?

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management How much of Melbourne walk activity does PT represent? Source: Analysis of the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel and Activity, 2009 Note: Stop file analysis; stops with an origin purpose and destination purpose = Got on or off PT : Note that VISTA is unlikely to represent all walking trips notably short distance trips; hence results deserve much caution in interpretation but are interesting nonetheless Weekday Total of All Walk Travel Volume of All Walk Travel (000)/ Day PT Related Trips 52% of all walking Weekend Day Total of All Walk Travel Volume of All Walk Travel (000)/ Day 32% of all walking Results also suggest PT walk trips are 33% of all walk time; average time per PT walk is 7.4mins; transfers 4mins Results also suggest PT walk trips are 33% of all walk time; average time per PT walk is 7.4mins; transfers 4mins

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 1Introduction 2Important Strides? 3 How Tracking? 4The Right Steps? Agenda Copyright © Marcus WongMarcus Wong 14

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 15

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 16 Barriers to everyday walking Source: Spencer Clark (2010) Key Walking Routes: the path to walking success? Walk 21 The Hague Note: Date from Transport for London concerns responses to a survey of London residents

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Transit Oriented Development 17 Source: Cervero and Kockleman (1997) Density – the concentration and compactness of development within geographic space Density – the concentration and compactness of development within geographic space Diversity – the land use mix including the balance and compatability of users with each other (and transit) Diversity – the land use mix including the balance and compatability of users with each other (and transit) Design – which relates how the various land uses are combined, linked and presented in terms of ease of access and attractiveness Design – which relates how the various land uses are combined, linked and presented in terms of ease of access and attractiveness

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Transit Oriented Development - Design Source: G Currie L Aston and K Pavkova (2015) Unpublished Walkers Paradise Very Walkable Somewhat Walkable Car Dependent 18

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Transit Oriented Development - Density Source: G Currie L Aston and K Pavkova (2015) Unpublished 19 Minimum Density (including JOBS) for Effective PT Provision (Newman & Kenworthy (2006)

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management 1Introduction 2Important Strides? 3 How Tracking? 4The Right Steps? Agenda Copyright © Marcus WongMarcus Wong 20

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Strasbourg 21

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management French Light Rail 22

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management French Light Rail 23

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Melbourne Tram - Platform Stops 24 Before After

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Melbourne Tram - Platform Stops 25 % Reduction in Crash Statistics Before/After Source: Naznin, Currie, Logan and Sarvi (Under Review) Safety Impacts of Platform Tram Stops on Pedestrians in Mixed Traffic Operation: A Comparison Group Before-After Crash Study, Accident Analysis and Prevention Reduction in Pedestrian Involved Crashes; Conversion of Safety Zone to Platform Stops Crash Data Type Assessing results on a per passenger basis; conversion to Platform Stops has reduced the total pedestrian involved crash rate/10,000 riders by 86% and the pedestrian involved Fatal and Serious crash rate by 81%

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Bus stop access has some way to go 26 Research Focus  Over 1,600 bus stops in outer Melbourne have no connecting path  It would cost only $6.4M to build the required 42kms of footpaths necessary to connect the worst 200 of these  Over 1,600 bus stops in outer Melbourne have no connecting path  It would cost only $6.4M to build the required 42kms of footpaths necessary to connect the worst 200 of these

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Lets Plan for better walk access 27 Research Focus  Audit Quality  Prioritise Issues  Develop Options  Invest in Quality Corridors (Information/ Treatments/ Promotions)  Audit Quality  Prioritise Issues  Develop Options  Invest in Quality Corridors (Information/ Treatments/ Promotions)

Institute of Transport Studies (Monash) The Australian Research Council Key Centre in Transport Management Lets Plan for better walk access 28 Simple Precinct Plan Assessment Measures (Selected) Density Proximity Walkability Source: Booz&co. (2010) Werribee Plains – Reducing Car Dependency: Transport and Urban Design Solutions – Australian Conservation Foundation

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