Ancient Greece! Warm Up 1.Analyze the map on p. 126 and answer the questions. 2.Read the box on p. 131 on mythology and answer the question. 3.Read the “World Literature” excerpt from the Odyssey on p. 133 and answer the questions. HW: Begin working on Unit 2 Qualifier

Greece: mountainous terrain and islands kept cities isolated from each other

Early Peoples of Greece 1. Minoans BC on the island of Crete peaceful traders King’s palace had many rooms: –bright paintings of rural/sporting scenes We can’t decipher the writing Destroyed by Mycenaean invasion in 1450 BC 2. Mycenaens BC on mainland of Greece Loose alliance of independent city-states Warriors: – decorations in homes show battle/hunting scenes Traders- also extended land through conquest (Minoans) Most famous story from Homer = Trojan War Fell into trouble, conflicts between states, earthquakes, invasions, etc.

Minoan Civilization Island of Crete -farthest SOUTH of the Greek islands

Trojan War- c BC (lasted 10 years) High King Agamemnon of the Mycenaens –He united the Greeks by conquering the Greek city-states (city-states still had their own kings, but they HAD to show loyalty to King Agamemnon) –led troops in sacking Troy (modern day Turkey) in revenge of his brother, the king of Sparta (whose wife Helen was considered the most beautiful woman in the world, but she fell in love and ran away with Prince Paris of Troy) Historical Perspective: What was the CAUSE? -Some say war was actually about Helen -Some say war was about controlling the trade route of the Aegean Sea and Black Sea (led into Asia) $$$$$$$$$$ - Historians debate the reality of Trojan War- but the lesson isn’t whether or not it was fact/fiction, but rather do we know the truth of WHY we go to WAR? Does the public know why we go to war; do leaders use patriotism to rally the people? Clips ………… TROY trailer Achilles- Greatest Warrior Achilles and Odysseus, King of Ithica Princes of Troy: Hector and Paris

Homer Most famous Greek poet –He was blind –Didn’t record his works Storytelling was a skill (think about people you know who are good at retelling great stories AND those people who are horrid at it…you KNOW a few) –composed epic poems: about heroic event /person Most famous poems are –Illiad: last year of Trojan War, climactic battle between Hector and Achilles; –Odyssey: Greek King Odysseus traveling home to Ithaca after war Homer’s poems: – used to teach history, literature, honor, courage to the Greeks

Dark Age BC Don’t really know what happened: –no records –Called “dark ages” because history is in the dark about events of this time What we know: –Some movement into Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) and the Peloponnesus Simplified writing

Greek City-States Polis: –what Greeks called their city-state Acropolis: –fortified area near polis, main gathering place Agora: –open area under acropolis, used as market People extremely loyal to own polis –Distrusted all others (including Greeks from another polis) –Outsiders were seen as untrustworthy b/c clearly there was a reason their own polis sent them away Athens practiced ostracism- if you broke Athenian laws, they kicked you out for 10 years…… Would this work in our country? Army made up of hoplites: –heavily armed infantry (foot soldiers) –fighting formation called phalanx: soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder in rectangular formation

Government Greeks wanted rule of law: –everyone obeys laws –Even the king and priests In America- we practice indirect democracy (we don’t all drive to Washington, DC, to cast a vote on EVERY issue. We elect representatives who vote for us.) In Athens- all citizens with rights voted on EVERY issue (direct d.) descriptionexample Monarchyrule by oneSumer, Akkad, etc. TheocracyRule by God/ divine authority Israel/ modern Iran DemocracyRule of manySee below Direct democracy All citizens vote on every issue Athens Oligarchy (“oligarky”) Rule by the fewSparta RepublicRule by elected officials Rome

Sparta

Incredibly militaristic –all Spartan men in army/ all Spartan women supported army –Very disciplined, no frills, simple food –Famous Spartan black broth (salt and pigs blood) Men: –lived/ate/practiced together in barracks –Boys: went into military training at 7 (left family, lived in barracks) Women: – took care of home, very physically fit and tough, role was to have lots of kids and raise them as good Spartans with honor (shield story)- see clip of what a wife says to her husband before he goes to war Government: –Oligarchy: 2 kings and a council of elders People intellectually isolated from world – no travel, no philosophy or art taught, no questioning Spartan ways –This is Sparta...This is Sparta... –Phalanx-battle formationsPhalanx-battle formations

We will come back to the Persian Wars (where the Greeks battle the Persians) -these clips from the film 300, portray the Battle of Thermopylae from the Persian Wars -as with any clips shown in class, please get your parent’s permission before viewing the whole film at home Shield Story – shows the strength of Spartan women and the role HONOR plays in their society… you come back carrying the shield because you won the battle, or they carry your body back on it.Shield Story Spartans- What is your Profession? –Other Greeks could have different professions, but Spartans were warriors Battle of Plataea- Persian Wars –Follow up battle where the Greeks beat the Persians on land a year after the Persian victory at the Battle of Thermoplylae (where the 300 Spartans fought but were defeated) –We will come back to this history

Read the article “The Making of Spartan Soldiers” and answer the questions. Be prepared to turn in your answers and DISCUSS!

Athens

Early government changeable: –From monarchy (king) to aristocratic oligarchy (wealthy elite) to direct democracy (the people!) Direct democracy- –every male citizen to have a say and then vote on every issue 3 types of people: –citizens w/ rights (men); –citizens w/o rights (women and children); –non-citizens (slaves and foreigners) Emphasized art, philosophy, culture –(we will come back to this)

US Government v. Athenian democracy Complete the handout GREECE and the birth of DEMOCRACY, using p. 136 in the text. Posted on the class weebly under Unit 2. Democracy in GreeceDemocracy in Greece CLIP

US Government v. Athenian democracy United StatesAncient AthensDifferences Voters consist of whom? Duties of people involved in government? Branch of US government/ body of people in Athens Legislative -Congress -makes laws Branch of US government/ body of people in Athens Executive -President & Cabinet - enforces laws Branch of US government/ body of people in Athens Judicial - Courts -determine if laws are constitutional

Greek Religion Considered religion necessary for welfare of state –Win a war IF gods favored you –Lost a war IF you displeased gods After death: – people went to dim place ruled by Hades Tried to know will of gods through oracles: –priests/priestesses in temples to gods, –most famous oracle at Delphi, usually purposefully vague And also hallucinating by burning and inhaling incense Tried to gain favor of gods through competitions/festivals (Olympics, etc.) Polytheistic; main gods/goddesses: –Zeus: chief god-Poseidon: god of seas –Athena: goddess of wisdom-Aphrodite: goddess of love –Apollo: god of sun-Ares: god of war

Greek Religion

When watching the following clip, keep in mind HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: -As we have been discussing since day #2, history is written by the victors and conquerors -Does anything shock you about the differences between Persians and Greeks and how they are portrayed in history? -Other thoughts? Crash Course- Greeks and Persians

Persian Wars c BC Persians conquered Ionia (Greek city-state) –499 BC Athens helped Ionians revolt Persians landed at Marathon –26.2 miles from Athens for battle Athenians scored shocking victory; –Pheidippes ran all the way to Athens to tell of victory (he then died; thus we get the name for OUR marathons!!!!!) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Persian Emperor Xerxes – marched troops over to Greek mainland –Greeks were far outnumbered; Spartans held mountain pass at Thermopylae so other Greeks could regroup Persians were defeated by Athenian navy at the battle of Salamis and finally led by the Spartan military at the battle of Plataea. GREEKS WON!

Persian Wars