TYPOLOGY OF MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS OF ENGLISH AND UKRAINIAN Structure of the word

Morphemes Morphemes are the smallest meaningfull units of language. Some morphemes are meaningful by themselves thunderstorm = thunder + storm classroom = class + room ... and some need to be added to other morphemes. madly = mad + ly cars = car + s

Types of morphemes free (can stand alone) vs. bound (can't stand alone) derivational (generate new words) vs. inflectional (contain grammatical information)

Free morphemes LEXICAL (content morphemes) LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL car, learn, green, happy, Paris, LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL COPULAS, MODALS, PREPOSITIONS, CONJUNCTIONS, ARTICLES GRAMMATICAL AUXILARIES

Bound morphemes The distinction between derivational and inflectional morphemes relates to the function they perform. Derivation produces entirely new words (lexemes) by adding affixes happy (ADJECTIVE) happily (ADVERB) courage (NOUN) encourage (VERB) Inflection adds grammatical information to an existing word without changing its word class John plays the piano

Allomorphisms In E inflectional morphemes are always suffixes, while in U they are prefixes and suffixes U has more bound morphemes E has more grammatical free morphemes Homonymy of free and bound morphemes is more typical of E

Homonymy of bound morphemes in English John plays the piano The two dogs belong to Mike Lisa's car broke down The cat’s eaten the mouse

Homonymy of free morphemes in English He promised he would come Otherwise I would do it I asked him but he wouldn’t say He said he’d done it He said he’d do it Find examples

Recategorisation as an allomorphism from one class to another come round the corner come round with some fresh air within a class (from one subcategory to another) from abstract to concrete (a youth meaning ‘a boy’) from uncountable to countable (wines ), from proper to common (an Einstein meaning ‘a genius’, a Benedict Arnold meaning ‘a traitor’).

Part of speech division Meaning Form Function красивий, летить beautiful flies, can “Time flies like an arrow, fruit flies like a banana” Саn he can me for kicking the can?

Lexical paradigm of nomination syntactico-distributional classification of words was worked out by L.Bloomfield, Z.Harris, and Ch.Fries. The classification suggests four classes N V A D power - empower - powerful - powerfully pro- N pro- V pro- A pro- D

grammatical categories grammatical category is a system expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms. Marked member vs. unmarked member The set of grammatical forms in a category constitute the paradigm of the category.

Obligatory categories "she found a table" or "she found the table “ *she found table

Contrastive study of grammatical categories a) the absence of the morphological categories in one of the compared languages b) partial correspondence c) complete correspondence.