26-3 NEW APPROACHES TO CIVIL RIGHTS

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION  Legal discrimination gone, little improvement in daily lives  Problems  lack of access to good jobs  adequate schooling  Affirmative Action  companies and institutions  actively recruit African American employees/students/etc.

PROS AND CONS

ALLAN BAKKE  University of California medical school  16 slots, higher score  University of California v. Bakke, 1978  5 to 4

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA REGENTS V. BAKKE  Also said schools could use racial criteria as part of their admission process, but not fixed quotas

BUSING  Segregated schools stemmed from neighborhoods  To desegregate schools, busing began  “White flight” to private schools began

PUSH  People United to Save Humanity  Jesse Jackson, 1971  Purpose  register voters  develop African American businesses  increase educational opportunities

CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS  African American members of Congress  Legislative concerns of African Americans  Health care  economic development  crime and safety

HISPANICS  1970s 9 million in US  Migration reasons  Communism  Jobs  Mexican Americans  Largest group  farms

UNITED FARM WORKERS  Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta  Grape boycott  Wanted better working conditions

LA RAZA UNIDA  New political party in Texas  “the United People”  1969, Angel Gutierrez  Job training programs and access to financial institutions for Hispanics

BILINGUALISM  Promoted by Hispanic students and political leaders  teaching immigrant students in their own language while learning English  Bilingual Education Act in 1968

NATIVE AMERICANS  Less than 1% of the US in 1970  Began to organize in late ’60s and early ’70s  Grievances  Low income  High unemployment  Discrimination  Limited education  Short life expectancy

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM)  Militant group  did not want Native Americans to assimilate  Occupied Alcatraz Island  19 months in 1969  Occupied Wounded Knee, SD for 70 days in 1973  Wanted changes in administration of reservations  Wanted US gov’t to honor treaties  Ended violently, clashed with FBI

 1968 –Indian Civil Rights Act  Gave residents of reservations protection of the Bill of Rights, still recognized reservation law  1975 – Indian Self- Determination and Education Act  $$ education  Native Americans involved in policy decisions  Land and water rights victories  TED talk TED talk SUCCESSES FOR NATIVE AMERICANS