Stress/Anxiety General Adaptation Syndrome-body reacts to stress in 3 stages  1-Alarm Reaction-physical reaction to stress heart rate, sweating, shaking, etc.  2-Resistance-body stabilizes and adapts to stress.  3-Exhaustion-body systems that cope with stress are depleted. ○ Chronic tension=heart disease, hypertension, ulcers…

Public Speaking Anxiety  PS=greatest fear According to a study conducted by National Public Radio, 43% of Americans say their greatest fear in life is public speaking. In fact people who responded to the survey said they fear public speaking more than death  What makes speakers anxious or nervous?

3 Main Causes of PSA  1. Lack of Experience  2. Feeling different from others and being sensitive about differences  3. Being center of attention

Categories of Stress  Physical-dizziness, upset stomach, sweating, tingling  Emotional-fear, loss of control, panic, anxiety, depression, anger, shame, etc  Psychological-loss of memory, negative self-talk, jumbled thought pattern

Types of Anxiety  Pre-Preparation  Preparation  Pre-Performance  Performance

Getting started with confidence  Prepare and practice  Modify thoughts-positive attitude  Use relaxation techniques  Visualize success  Learn from evaluation & constructive crit.  Be thoroughly prepared  Allow yourself to make mistakes e=related

Ethical Speaking and Responsibility  What is ethics / being ethical?

Ethical Speaking and Responsibility Ethics  Rules / standards of moral conduct  Ways to act toward one another  PS=responsibility speaker has toward audience & vice versa  Originates from Greek word Ethos

Ethics continued…Origins  Ethos -Greek for “character” -People listen to speakers with positive ethos or character -According to Aristotle, positive ethos consists of…. 1-Competence 2-Good moral character 3-Goodwill

Ethics cont…Modern Day  Speaker Credibility- Speaker must be credible for people to listen (modern version of ethos) ex. Honest, genuine, knowledgeable, non- manipulative, interested in audience

Being an Ethical/Credible Speaker  Recognize and respect audience values, attitudes, beliefs  Avoid personal attacks  Avoid jargon  Be objective, avoid stereotyping  Avoid ethnocentrism  No racism, sexism, gay-bashing, etc  Use sound evidence and reasoning  Avoid plagiarism-cutting and pasting, rearranging words and ideas without quoting or citing sources

Exercise Ethics and Credibility  For each speaker identify the topic in the right hand column on which she or he would have the highest initial credibility for your class and explain why.  Laura BushThe Comedy of Politics  Jesse JacksonTalk Shows: Their Role in Society  Jon Stewart Life in the White House  Oprah WinfreyThe Horror Novel as Literature  Stephen KingAfrican Americans: The Next Agenda

Crediting Sources (Citations)  No source = loss in credibility  Acknowledge sources in both written and oral form Direct quotations Paraphrased information Sources for facts or statistics that you mention should be credited  Wholesale plagiarism  Patchwork plagiarism

Listening Ethically  Communicate your expectations and feedback  Be sensitive to and tolerant of differences  Listen critically/become an active listener

Ethical Speaking Cont…  1 st Amendment Rights protects freedom of speech-with some exceptions  We have responsibility to speak ethically regardless of freedom of speech

Illegal Speech 1-Fighting words 2-Defamation/slander 3-Invasion of privacy  Although some speeches may be legal, they can still be unethical Ex. Racist, sexist, homophobic, pornographic, antireligious,

Critical Thinking #2  Think of 3 public figures such as television personalities, news anchors, actors, and/or politicians, whom you perceive as credible. Identify the qualities that make the speaker appear credible.  Think of 3 people you perceive as lacking credibility, and identify what makes the speaker appear less credible  Explain how ethics relates to public speaking  Explain how ethical behavior serves as a balance to free speech