SOUTH ASIA Region of the Monsoon

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4 th 2 Setting the Boundaries 2nd most populous region in the world 2nd most populous region in the world Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent Distinct landmass separated from the rest of the Eurasian continent: Subcontinent India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives Regional unity: Shared history Regional unity: Shared history

MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA Well defined physiographically Well defined physiographically The world’s second largest population cluster The world’s second largest population cluster Significant demographic problems Significant demographic problems Low income economies Low income economies Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculture Population concentrated in villages - subsistence agriculture Strong cultural regionalism Strong cultural regionalism Boundary problems Boundary problems

THE REGION Sub-Regions India India Pakistan Pakistan Bangladesh Bangladesh Mountainous North Mountainous North Southern Islands Southern Islands

MONSOONS “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” “To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.” To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. To the people of India the monsoons are a source of life. Seasonal reversal of winds Seasonal reversal of winds General onshore movement in summer General onshore movement in summer General offshore flow in winter General offshore flow in winter Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime

Monsoons

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff7 Climate Figure 12.8 What two processes account for high rainfall in the Western Ghats?

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff9 South Asian Monsoon -Dry and wet monsoons -Seasonal wind changes -Pressure differences Figure 12.7 Summer Monsoon Rain in Mumbai, India -Some areas receive as much as 70 inches of rain in three months

POTENTIALLY NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MONSOONS (RESULTS OF CATASTROPHIC RAINFALL) Widespread flooding Widespread flooding Property damage Property damage Destruction to agricultural lands Destruction to agricultural lands Damage to transportation infrastructure Damage to transportation infrastructure Homelessness Homelessness Disease Disease Malnutrition Malnutrition Serious injury Serious injury Death Death

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff11 Agricultural Regions Subsistence crops Subsistence crops –Rice –Wheat –Millet Other products Other products –Oil seeds, coconut groves, spice gardens, tea plantations Livestock Livestock Rice cultivation in Sri Lanka Figure 12.13

What climate variables help to explain this distribution?

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff13 The Green Revolution 1960s: Agricultural research stations 1960s: Agricultural research stations High yield crop varieties High yield crop varieties Move toward food self- sufficiency Move toward food self- sufficiency Environmental and social problems Environmental and social problems Figure Punjab, India

CULTURE A culturally fragmented region A culturally fragmented region Religious and linguistic diversity Religious and linguistic diversity Religious Patterns Religious Patterns –Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh. –Hinduism is predominant in India. –Sikhism thrives in northern India. –Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff15 Cultural Coherence and Diversity Early unity: Hinduism Early unity: Hinduism Islam Islam –Added dimension to cultural landscape British colonialism British colonialism Since 1980s Since 1980s –Growing Hindu nationalism –Reaction to secular Indian state Figure Destruction of the Ayodhya Mosque

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff16 Linguistic Diversity Figure Dravidian: unique to South Asia - Linguistic nationalism

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff17 Figure Contemporary Religious Diversity -Hinduism -Islam -Sikhism -Buddhism and Jainism

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff18 Early South Asian Civilizations Figure Coexistence of Hinduism and Islam

Religious Landscapes Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff19 Taj Mahal Buddhist Monastery Figure Figure 12.23

HINDUISM The world’s oldest religion The world’s oldest religion Culture hearth of the Indus River Culture hearth of the Indus River Diffused south and east down the Ganges Diffused south and east down the Ganges Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs

CULTURE HEARTH The Indus River Where an early culture emerged and developed Where an early culture emerged and developed –Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated tribes and villages to towns and beyond. –Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices brought to India by the Indo- Europeans (Aryans). (6th century BC) –Buddhism born of discontent; made the state religion of India in 3rd century BC –Islam sweeps through central India from the 8th -10th centuries AD

HINDUISM Not just a religion Not just a religion An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements An intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements No common creed No common creed No single doctrine No single doctrine No direct divine revelation No direct divine revelation No rigid narrow moral code No rigid narrow moral code

Karma and Dharma Karma and Dharma Cremation of the dead Cremation of the dead Regulations of the caste system Regulations of the caste system THREE BASIC PRACTICES

MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the caste system –Reincarnation –Karma –Dharma

REINCARNATION Every living thing has a soul. Every living thing has a soul. When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature. Souls are reborn in a newly created life. Souls are reborn in a newly created life.

KARMA Every action brings about certain results. Every action brings about certain results. There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. There is no escaping the consequences of one’s actions. Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature. Good behavior is rewarded when the soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature.

DHARMA A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation. Each person’s dharma is different. Each person’s dharma is different.

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff28 The Caste System Complex Hindu social order Complex Hindu social order Hierarchically structured Hierarchically structured “Social pollution” “Social pollution” State of flux State of flux Figure Hindu Temple

ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM ORIGINS OF BUDDHISM Early challenge to Hinduism in South Asia Early challenge to Hinduism in South Asia E. J. PALKA

BUDDHISM Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism Adherents objected to harsher features of Hinduism Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge Focuses on knowledge, especially self-knowledge Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals Elimination of worldly desires, determination not to hurt or kill people or animals E. J. PALKA

FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. Sorrow and suffering are part of all life. People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. People suffer because they desire things they cannot have. The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting. The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting. To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire. To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.

RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS ISLAM ISLAM –Monotheistic –No idols –One sacred book –Uniform dogma - 5 pillars –Accepts one true path –Eat beef/Sacrifice cows –Bury Dead –Social Equality (in theory) –Theocratic society HINDUISM HINDUISM –Polytheistic –Many idols –Various sacred writings –Varying beliefs –Absorbed other religions –Venerate cows –Burn dead (& alive) –Caste separation –“State” of secondary importance

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Lewis, Price,33 The British Partition (1947) India and East and West Pakistan India and East and West Pakistan –Hindu and Muslim majorities, respectively Millions displaced as a result of the Partition Millions displaced as a result of the Partition East Pakistan (1971) East Pakistan (1971) –Bangladesh Figure 12.29

PARTITION AND ISLAM Challenges: Stability Refugees

POPULATION GEOGRAPHY THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY THE SPATIAL VIEW OF DEMOGRAPHY –STUDY OF POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, COMPOSITION, RATES OF GROWTH, AND PATTERNS OF FLOW POPULATION DENSITY POPULATION DENSITY –ARITHMETIC –PHYSIOLOGIC KEY MEASURES KEY MEASURES –RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE –DOUBLING TIME

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff36 Population and Settlement Figure What serves as a “limiting factor” to population distribution in South Asia?

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff38 Demographic Indicators Population Momentum

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff39 Demographic Issues Rapid population growth Rapid population growth Family planning Family planning –Approaches to and acceptance of the process differ across the region Figure Figure 12.10

POPULATION GROWTH

DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff42 Urban South Asia Dhaka Mumbai Karachi Figures 12.15, 12.16, and 12.17

Diversity Amid Globalization, 4th edition: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, and Wyckoff43 Urban South Asia – Mumbai Figure Figure

SOUTH ASIA Region of the Monsoon