BA 1/15  Why did Alexander reject the peace offer from Darius III?  Alexander’s final battle with Darius III was which battle? (present day Iraq)  Name one reason that Alexander the Great decided to turn back to Macedonia?

Rise of the Roman Republic Chapter 6

Standard  SSWH3  The student will examine the political, philosophical and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.

Essential Question  How did conflict between patricians and plebeians change the culture of classical Rome?

Origins of Rome Legend: city of Rome founded in 753 BCE by Romulus and Remus  Twins who were abandoned as infants and raised by a she-wolf  Built a city where they were raised Truth: city built at a strategic location with fertile soil  Built on hills at a curve on the Tiber River

Origins of Rome continued 3 groups inhabited Italian peninsula: 1. Latin: considered 1 st Romans  Built wooden huts on Rome’s hills 2. Greeks: established colonies in Italy & Sicily 3. Etruscans: skilled engineers & metal workers from northern Italy  Influenced Roman writing and architecture (video)video

The Early Republic  Etruscan kings ruled Rome for nearly 100 years  509 BCE: brutal king driven from power  Romans create a Republic  Republic: form of government where power rests with citizens  Citizens can vote for leaders

Early Republic continued  Struggle of power in early republic 2 groups struggling for power: 1. Patricians 2. Plebeians

Patricians  Patricians: wealthy landowners  Held most of power  Inherited power and social status  Claimed ancestry gave them authority to make laws

Plebeians  Plebeians: common farmers, artisans, and merchants  Citizens of Rome with right to vote  Made up majority of population  Barred by law from important government positions  Over time, able to form tribunes  Tribune: elected administrative officers of the plebeians  Elected to protect the interests and rights of the plebeians from patricians

Twelve Tables  First written law code of Rome  Idea forced by plebeians  Carved on 12 tablets and hung in Forum  Forum: marketplace in Rome  Center of judicial and business affairs  Established that all free citizens had right to protection of the law  (video) (video)

Republic Government 3 major governmental branches: 1. Consuls 2. Senate 3. Dictator

Consuls  Consuls: command army and direct government  Only 2 consuls  Consuls able to veto each other  Limited to 1 year term  Could not be re-elected for 10 years

Senate Senate: aristocratic branch with legislative and administrative functions  300 members  Influence foreign and domestic policy

Dictator Dictator: leader with absolute power to make laws and command army  Elected by republic ONLY in times of crisis

Roman Army  All citizens who owned land must serve  Public officers needed 10 years of military service  Army organized into legions  Legions: military units of 5,000 foot soldiers  Organization of legions and military training help Rome rise to power

Rome Spreads Power  Rome wants to expand territory through conquest and trade  City of Carthage interfered with Rome’s trade through Mediterranean  Carthage: city on North African coast

Punic Wars  Rome vs. Carthage  Fought from BCE  Fought 3 wars  First Punic War  Rome won control of Sicily & western Mediterranean  Lasted 23 years  Second Punic War  Led by Carthaginian general Hannibal

Hannibal  Brilliant military strategist  Wants to avenge Carthage’s loss in 1 st war  Plans to capture Rome in sneak attack through Alps  Army: 50,000 infantry, 9,000 cavalry, 60 elephants  Over 10 years, conquers many Roman cities  Never able to conquer Rome  Hannibal still in Italy  Scipio: Roman general who decides to attack Carthage  Forces Hannibal to return home to defend city  Romans win

Punic Wars continued  3 rd Punic War ( BCE)  Rome attacks Carthage  Carthage burned down  50,000 Carthaginians sold into slavery  Turned into Roman province  Final victory where Rome gains control of western Mediterranean  (video) (video)

BA 1. Who are the patricians? 2. Who are the plebeians? 3. What was a tribune? Why was it designed? 4. What is the importance of the Twelve Tables? 5.What are the 3 Roman government branches. Define their roles.