Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.1 Chemistry 6/e Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl Chapter 7: ATOMIC STRUCTURE & PERIODICITY

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.2 Atomic Structure & Periodicity Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation React 1 The Nature of Matter The Atomic Spectrum of HydrogenThe Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen React 2 The Bohr Model React The Quantum Mechanical Model of the AtomThe Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom Orbital Shapes and EnergiesOrbital Shapes and Energies React Periodic Trends in Atomic PropertiesPeriodic Trends in Atomic Properties React React React

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.3 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom What does Rutherford’s atom “look like”? We want models to explain our observations.

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.4 Rutherford’s Model of the Atom

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.5 Electromagnetic Radiation

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.6 Flame Tests

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.7 Fireworks

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.8 Questions to Consider Why do the different chemicals give us different colors? Why do we get colors at all?

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.9 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.10 Draw three waves with relative wavelengths of 1:2:4. Compare the frequencies and energies of these wavelengths. React 1

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.11 The Nature of Waves

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.12 Electromagnetic Wave

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.13 The Nature of Matter

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.14 Photoelectric Effect

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.15 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.16 Refraction of White Light and Hydrogen Line Spectrum

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.17 Explain the hydrogen emission spectrum. Why is it significant that the color emitted is not white? How does the emission spectrum support the idea of quantized energy levels? React 2

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.18 The Bohr Model

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.19 Determine the color of light emitted when an excited electron in the hydrogen atom falls from: I. n = 5 to n = 2 II. n = 4 to n = 2 III. n = 3 to n = 2 React 3

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.20 Electronic Transitions in the Bohr Model for the Hydrogen Atom

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.21 There are an infinite number of allowed transitions in the hydrogen atom. Why don’t we see more lines in the emission spectrum for hydrogen? React 4

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.22 Does a gamma ray of wavelength 1.0 x cm have enough energy to remove an electron from a hydrogen atom? Support your answer with calculations. React 5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.23 Let’s Think About It What is the energy associated with a gamma ray with a wavelength of 1.0 x cm? How much energy does it take to remove an electron from a hydrogen atom? React 5

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.24 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.25 Probability Distribution for the 1s Wave Function

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.26 Radial Probability Distribution

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.27 Orbital Shapes and Energies

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.28 Two Representations of the Hydrogen 1s, 2s, and 3s Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.29 The Radial Probability Distribution for the 3s, 3p, and 3d Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.30 The Boundary Surface Representations of All Three 2p Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.31 The Boundary Surfaces of All of the 3d Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.32 Representation of the 4f Orbitals in Terms of Their Boundary Surfaces

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.33 A Comparison of the Radial Probability Distributions of the 2s and 2p Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.34 The Radial Probability Distribution for the 3s, 3p, and 3d Orbitals

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.35 Sketch a general orbital-level diagram for atoms other than hydrogen. Explain why it differs from hydrogen. React 6

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.36 Explain how you can use the periodic table to determine the order in which orbitals fill in polyelectronic atoms (so that you do not have to memorize it). React 7

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.37 The Orbitals Being Filled for Elements in Various Parts of the Periodic Table

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.38 Determine the expected electron configurations for each of the following: S Ba Ni 2+ Eu Ti + React 8

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.39 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.40 Which is larger, the hydrogen 1s orbital, or the Li 1s orbital? Why? Which is lower in energy, the hydrogen 1s orbital, or the Li 1s orbital? Why? React 9

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.41 Which atom would require more energy to remove an electron, Na or Cl? Why? React 10

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.42 Which atom would require more energy to remove an electron, Li or Cs? Why? React 11

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.43 What is the general trend for ionization energy across rows and down columns on the periodic table? Understand this trend; do not merely memorize it. React 12

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.44 Which should be the larger atom, Na or Cl? Why? React 13

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.45 Which should be the larger atom, Li or Cs? Why? React 14

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.46 What is the general trend for atomic size across rows and down columns on the periodic table? Explain this trend. React 15

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.47 Atomic Radii for Selected Atoms

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.48 Arrange the elements oxygen, fluorine, and sulfur according to increasing Ionization energy Atomic size React 16

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.49 The Values of First Ionization Energy for the Elements in the First Six Periods

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.50 Explain why the graph of ionization energy versus atomic number (across a row) is not linear. Where are the exceptions? Why are there exceptions? React 17

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.51 The ionization energy of the magnesium atom requires 735 kJ/mol. Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the second ionization energy of Mg? I.It is less than 735 kJ/mol because Mg wants to lose the second electron to have the same electron configuration as Ne. II.It is equal to 735 kJ/mol because both electrons are being taken from the 3s orbital. III.It is greater than 735 kJ/mol because the second electron is being taken from a positive ion. IV.Energy is released when the second electron comes off because the Mg atom wants to lose the second electron to have the same electron configuration as Ne. React 18

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.52 Relative Ionization Energies for Elements X Y First Second Third Fourth Identify the elements. Why can there be more than one answer? React 19

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.53 Which has the larger second ionization energy, lithium or beryllium? Why? React 20

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All Rights Reserved.54 Successive Ionization Energies in Kilojoules per Mole for the Elements in Period 3 ElementI1I1 I2I2 I3I3 I4I4 I5I5 I6I6 I7I7 Na Mg Core electrons* Al ,600 Si ,100 P ,200 S ,000 Cl ,000 Ar ,000 * Note the large jump in ionization energy in going from removal of valence electrons to removal of core electrons. General decrease General increase