Introduction China as “heartland” civilization Korea, Vietnam, and Japan all influenced by China Each had preconditions for civilization before encountering China All influenced by Buddhism, Confucianism All adopted Chinese ideographs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Early Korea Peninsular geography shaped history Chinese commanderies, 108 B.C.E. – 313 C.E. Three Korean states, 313 C.E. – 668 C.E. Silla, Paekche, and Koguryo Silla unified, ruled 668 – 918 C.E. Chinese army helped with unification Silla drove Chinese out Silla became autonomous tribute state to China Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Koryo Dynasty 918 – 1392 Cultural brilliance Celadon vases, first history (1145), poetry and literature, moveable type Buddhism Buddhist infrastructure, art, and scholarship Chinese influence on government offices and laws Weak society, many slaves Weak economy based on barter Weak state dominated by military Tributary to China Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Vietnam – Overview Four historical movements shaped all of S.E. Asia Peoples, languages followed river valleys north to south Indian traders and missionaries, 1 st -15 th centuries, brought Buddhism and other influential ideas Arab and Indian traders, 13 th -15 th centuries, introduced Islam Chinese diaspora, especially after 1842, formed urban merchant class Fifth movement shaped Vietnam Conquest by China Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Creation of Vietnam Geography “Two baskets on a carrying pole” Vietnamese, Cham, and Khmer peoples Nan Yueh state formed 208 B.C.E. Controlled S.E. China and Red River basin Ruled by China 111 B.C.E. – 939 C.E. Social change Chinese cultural influence, especially under Tang Revolt led to independence, 939 Ly ( ) and Tran ( ) dynasties Formal tribute relationship with China Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Japanese Overview Japanese history has three main turning points Each marked by a major influx of outside culture Followed by massive internal restructuring Korean influence - 3rd century B.C.E. Passage to agricultural, metalworking society Chinese influence - 7th century C.E. Leap to a higher historical civilization Writing, technology, philosophy, Buddhism Western influence - 19th century Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Earliest People and Culture Earliest humans in Japan Ice Age land bridges to Asia Earliest evidence of humans – stone tools, 30,000 B.C.E. World’s first pottery - 10,000 B.C.E. Jomon Culture - lasted around 8,000 years Jomon or “cord-pattern” pottery - 8,000 B.C.E. Mystery to archaeologists Pottery in an Old Stone Age society Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Yayoi Culture Yayoi culture began around 300 B.C.E. Hard, pale orange pottery Astonishing simultaneous arrival of Agricultural revolution Bronze revolution Iron revolution New technologies introduced from Korea Unclear relationships between early Yayoi and Jomon peoples Queen Pimiko, 3 rd century C.E. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Tomb and Yamato Cultures Tomb culture C.E. Characterized by giant tomb mounds Korean pattern Yamato state Yamato “great kings” - loose hegemony Society Uji - basic social unit - clan Be - specialist workers attached to clans Korean relations Japan allied with Paekche state Chinese culture entered Japan through Korea Confucianism, 513 Buddhism, 538 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Shinto “The way of the gods” Worship of forces of nature Sensitivity to nature and natural beauty Shamans in most villages Connection to the state Head of clan was chief priest Clan - myth centered on nature deity (kami) Eventual view of divine emperor as descended from the sun goddess Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Nara and Heian Japan Adoption of the higher civilization of China Three stages Japanese studied China – 7 th century Japanese implanted Chinese institutions – 8 th century Adapted institutions to meet Japanese needs – by 11 th century Official embassies to Tang court began in 607 Emperor Temmu began institutional changes Used Chinese systems to consolidate power “Heavenly emperor” replaces “great king” Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Adapting Chinese Systems Nara – new capital in 710 Checkerboard grid like Chang’an Heian – new capital in 794 Emperors were Confucians with majesty of Chinese law Shinto rulers descended from sun goddess Modified Chinese system Eight ministries instead of six Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Nara and Heian Government Japanese court government differed from China No eunuchs No tension between emperor and bureaucracy No meritocracy Three offices outside Chinese tradition Audit officers Bureau of archivists Police commissioners Phases of Heian Rule Emperors ruled or shared rule until mid-9 th century Northern branch, Fujiwara clan, ascendant Shirakawa first in line of retired emperors to rule Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Land and Taxes Last embassy to China in 839 Over next 350 years Japan innovated, assimilated culture from China Conversion of agricultural economy Equal Field System to tax quotas payable in grain Tax-paying lands to tax-free estates Nobles and temples obtained immunities Small land-owners hand land over to nobles Better off as serfs on tax-free estates Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Rise of the Samurai During mid-Heian period Nonofficial private bands of local warriors System for next five centuries Samurai – expensive Horses, armor, weapons, training Initial job – local order and tax collection Confrontations between regional military coalitions Conflict reaches Heian court in 1156 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Aristocratic Life and Education Aristocracy encapsulated in routines of court Found commoners to be barely human Protected by political influence Education focused on reading Chinese books Compose prose and poetry in Chinese Until 19 th century most important Japanese works written in Chinese Du Fu and Li Bo appreciated Chinese history as mirror for Japan Buddhist stories and books of Confucianism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Birth of Japanese Literature Poetry in Japanese language Manyoshu – first major anthology Chinese characters as phonetic signs Invention of kana Used mostly by women Collection of Ancient and Modern Times written entirely in kana Brilliant literature of Heian period – women authors Sei Shonagon – The Pillow Book Satirical and amusing essays Murasaki Shikibu – The Tale of Genji World’s first novel Completely original – no Chinese model Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Nara and Heian Buddhism Six Sects of Nara period Separate doctrinal position within Mahayana Typical monastery a self-contained community Monasteries and temples involved with state State role more supportive in Japan Japanese drawn to Buddhism through magic and mystery of Shinto No particular bias against Buddhism Another in a series of new concepts Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Tendai and Shingon Sects Tendai – Founded by Monk Saicho ( ) Temple on Mount Hiei – eventually thousands Salvation for all based on contemplation, moral purity Strict rules and twelve-year curriculum Shingon – Founded by Monk Kukai ( ) Monastery on Mount Koya Focus on eternal and cosmic Buddha Esoteric Buddhism – secret teachings Buddhism assimilated into Japanese culture “Great Sun Buddha” identified with Shinto deity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Early Feudal Age Another shift in 12 th century Rule by military houses Bakufu – tent government Completely non-Chinese type of government Rise of shogun as de facto ruler Minamoto Yoritomo – Defeat Taira in 1185 “Barbarian-quelling generalissimo” Kamakura – headquarters Simple bureaucracy - bakufu Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Kamakura Era Yoritomo’s victory was national More centralization under Kamakura bakufu Joei Code, 1232 Appointments – right to income from land Loyalty became institutional to bakufu Mongols under Kublai Khan Invasions, 1274 and 1281 Mongols withdrew after Kamikaze winds Japan’s defenders dissatisfied Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Question of Feudalism Did Yoritomo’s rule start feudalism? Scholars argue the point Definition of feudalism Lord-vassal relationship Fiefs given in return for military service Warrior ethic Difficult to view Japan as fully feudal Warrior ethic embraced Local social order of late Heian era endured Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Ashikaga Era Upheaval, Ashikaga Takauji – Destroyed Hojo-controlled bakufu New bakufu in Kyoto Each regional state governed by a lord Daimyo Bakufu offices were simple and direct All staffed by Takauji’s vassals Relationship between bakufu and daimyo fluid Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Women in Warrior Society Prominent roles for women Political leaders – Pimiko, Nun Shogun, Empresses Sun goddess was central figure in mythology Great women writers in Heian period Women trained in archery and other military arts in Kamakura bakufu Women’s status declined due to warfare of 14 th and 15 th centuries Women excluded from warrior’s fief Unigeniture – inheritance by most able son – replaced multigeniture Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Agriculture and Commerce Population growth - 15 million by 1600 New strains of rice and iron-edged tools Irrigation and diking From late Heian period More agricultural surplus stayed in local hands Warriors took large slices of income Rise of independent merchants Trade networks Artisan and merchant guilds Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Medieval Culture Classical age - Nara and Heian Medieval age C.E. Medieval culture direct outgrowth of classical Seen clearly in poetry and painting Some distinct new characteristics Shift from court to military aristocrats Genji to medieval military tales New wave of culture from Song China Japan’s age of Buddhist faith Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Pure Land Buddhism Heian Tendai doctrine: true teaching of historical Buddha lost Salvation in calling on Amida The Buddha who ruled over the Pure Land/Western Paradise Proponents Kuya ( ), “Saint of the Marketplace” Honen ( ), salvation through faith alone Shinran ( ), perfect faith a gift from Amida Pure Land Buddhism became the dominant form Developed political and military power Peasants militarized, sometimes rebelled against feudal lords Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Nichiren Buddhism Founded by Nichiren ( ) Lotus Sutra perfectly embodied Buddha’s teaching Chanting - religious rapture “Praise to the Lotus Sutra of the Wondrous Law” Goal - internal spiritual transformation Nichiren: intolerant and nationalistic Believed only his sect could protect Japan Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

Zen Buddhism Teaching and meditation techniques brought back by monks who studied in Song China Religion of paradox Learned monks stressed return to ignorance Uncluttered “original mind” Attained in a flash of intuition Emphasis on compassion - yet followers included samurai Influence on medieval art Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.

No Plays Kind of mystery play Beautiful masks, robes - bare wooden stage Poetic language Action slow and highly stylized Themes Taira vs. Minamoto Religious lessons Incident from Genji or Heian court Buddhist idea of impermanence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ All rights reserved.