BIOLOGY EASY NOTE FOR SS2 2014/2015 SESSION

SCHEME OF WORK FOR FIRST TERM 2014/2015 SESSION WEEK THEME CONTENT 1 Classification of plants -Botanical classification, Agricultural classification, -Life cycle classification, Classification based on size. 2 Digestive System -Types of alimentary tracts, Feeding Mechanisms of some animals -Modifications in plants and animals to reflect feeding habits 3 -Feeding in protozoa, hydra and mammals 4 Transport System -Need for transportation, Need for transport system in large organisms, Material for transportation, Media for transportation 5 -Functions of blood, Structure of transport System in higher plants, and animals 6 -Mechanism of transportation in (a) unicellular organisms (b) higher plants (c) higher animals 7 Respiratory System -Respiration and exchange of gases, Types of Respiratory organs and systems 8 -Respiratory System in terrestrial animals, Gaseous exchange in plants. 9 -Aerobic Respiration, Fermentation. 10 Revision 11-12 Examination SCHEME OF WORK FOR FIRST TERM 2014/2015 SESSION

THEME 1 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS -Botanical Classification -Agricultural Classification -Classification Based on Life Cycles -Classification on the Basis of Size

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS The essence of classifying plants is to study them effectively; taking into account the specific characteristics of each kind. The botanical and agricultural classifications of plants, as well as classifications based on life cycle and size. Botanical Classification In a botanical classification, plants fall broadly into two groups: The flowering plants The non-flowering plants They can be sub-divided based on taxonomy of classification learnt in SS1. Agricultural Classification This is based on: 1. the product obtained from the plants; 2. the part of the plant that is useful; 3. the economic importance of the plant Plant therefore are classified into the following groups: Root crops Vegetable crops (c) cereal/grain crops (d) Legumes (e) Fibre crops

(f) Oil crops (g) Latex crops (h) Beverages and stimulants Fruit crops (j) Spices (k) Forage crops (l) Cash crops A crop is any plant that is cultivated by man for its usefulness. Root Crops They are plants with underground organs modified for storing food. These include cassava, sweet potato, yam and Irish potato. Vegetable Crops These are cultivated for the roots, stems and leaves which are useful either as food or economically. Examples are okro, garden egg, pumpkins, water melon, cabbage, lettuce, amaranthus, carrots, onions and tomato. Cereal and Grain crops They are cultivated for their seeds. These include rice, maize, guinea corn and millet.

Legumes These are cultivated for their fruits and seed which are rich in protein. Examples include groundnuts, soya beans, cowpea and beans. Fibre Crops These are produced for their economically important fibres which may be used as raw materials in local industries or exported to other countries for foreign exchange, e.g. cotton, sisal and jute for making fabrics, sacks, paper and ropes. Oil Crops They are cultivated for the oils stored in them. Examples of oil crops include groundnut, oil palm, shea butter and coconut. Latex Crops These produced a lot of fluid called latex which is important as raw material for making rubber and other synthetic products, e.g. para rubber. Beverages and Stimulants The vegetative parts, fruits or seeds of these crops serve as raw materials for beverages and stimulants e.g. cocoa, tea, coffee, kola and tobacco.

Fruit Crops These are cultivated for their fruits that are edible. They include oranges and other citrus crops, pawpaw, mango, guava, cashew, avocado pears, pineapples, plantain and bananas. Spices These may be medicinal properties and some are also used as spices to add flavour to food, e.g. pepper, thyme, onions, curry leaves and ginger. Forage Crops These are pasture and fodder crops on which farm animals graze. Farm animals derive carbohydrate, protein, mineral salts and vitamins from forage crops, e.g. grasses and legumes. Cash Crops These are crops cultivated for export to earn foreign exchange. Local industries may also use them. They include cocoa, oil palm, benniseed, soya beans, cotton, kola, rubber and groundnuts.

Classification Based on Life Cycle Plants are classified, on the basis of the duration of their life cycle, into annuals, biennials and perennials. Annuals are plants which complete their life cycles in one growing season within a year, e.g. maize, yam, melon, cowpea, tomato. Biennial plants complete their life cycles in two growing seasons; they produce vegetative parts such as roots, stems and leaves in the first season and in the second growing season, they produce more vegetative parts, manufacture and store food, produce flowers and fruits. Perennials are plants that complete their life cycles in many years and live for many years, e.g. mango, orange, oil palm.

Classification on the Basis of Size Plants are classified on the basis of the size of the full grown plant, into herbs, shrubs and trees. Herbs are small plants with fleshy stems, e.g. Talinum triangulare. Shrubs are medium sized plants with woody stems e.g. croton and hibiscus plant. Trees are big plants with woody trunks and branches, e.g. silk cotton, Iroko and mahogany trees. Under adverse conditions, a big plant may be medium-sized, and a medium-sized plant may be small.

ASSIGNMENT What are ephemerals? What do you think is responsible for a big tree that appeared medium-sized? Enumerate four things farm animals derived from forage crops. Differentiate between oil palm and palm oil. Give two reasons why fungi are no longer classified as plants. NB: The solution to be turned in upon resumption. THANK YOU. Mr. Victor Akinwande. Biology Unit, Science Department, Faith Academy Canaan Land, Ota.