Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Preview Section 1 Temperature and Thermal EquilibriumTemperature and Thermal Equilibrium Section 2 Defining HeatDefining Heat Section 3 Changes in Temperature and PhaseChanges in Temperature and Phase

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company The student is expected to: TEKS 6E describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter, including kinetic or potential energy of atoms

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What do you think? Suppose you have two cups of water. One is hot and the other is cold. –How is the cold water different from the hot water? Describe the motion of the molecules in each. –What changes would occur if the hot water was changed into steam? What are the common scales used to measure temperature? –When is each scale generally used? –All scales use degrees to measure temperature. Which scale has the largest degrees? Explain.

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Temperature Temperature measures the average kinetic energy of the particles. –Average speed is used because all particles do not have the same speed, and speeds change as the particles collide. Internal energy is the energy a substance has due to the motion of the particles (kinetic energy) and the position of the particles (potential energy).

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Forms of Internal Energy

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Temperature Do thermometers change the temperature of the substance being measured? –If so, how? –How can you minimize the problem? Temperature must be measured when thermal equilibrium is reached. Always read a thermometer after it has stopped rising or falling. –At this point, equilibrium has been reached between the thermometer and the substance.

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Thermal Expansion

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Thermometers The expansion of mercury changes the reading in this thermometer. How does such a small change in the volume of the mercury (see circled segments) result in such a large rise inside the thermometer?

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Thermometers Calibration depends on fixed temperatures. Three common temperature scales used: –Fahrenheit for weather and medicine (U.S.) –Celsius for work in science –Kelvin or absolute for many scientific laws

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Comparison of Temperature Scales

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company The Absolute Temperature Scale What is meant by absolute zero? – Absolute zero = 0 K Suppose the pressure and temperature of a gas are plotted as shown, and the graph is extrapolated to 0 K. What does this suggest about P at absolute zero ( °C or 0 K)? –P = 0 at absolute zero

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Temperature Conversions

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Classroom Practice Problems One day it was -40°C at the top of Mont Blanc and -40°F at the top of Mount Whitney. Which place was colder? –Answer: Neither (-40°C = -40°F) What is the Fahrenheit temperature equivalent to absolute zero? –Answer: °F What is the Celsius temperature on a hot summer day when the temperature is 100. °F? –Answer: 37.8°C

Heat Section 1 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Now what do you think? Suppose you have two cups of water. One is hot and the other is cold. –How is the cold water different from the hot water? Describe the motion of the molecules in each. –What changes would occur if the hot water was changed into steam? What are the common scales used to measure temperature? –When is each scale generally used? –All scales use degrees to measure temperature. Which scale has the largest degrees? Explain.

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company The student is expected to: TEKS 6E describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter, including kinetic or potential energy of atoms 6F contrast and give examples of different processes of thermal energy transfer, including conduction, convection, and radiation

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What do you think? Internal energy is the energy due to the kinetic and potential energy of the particles. –Does the ice water or an equal quantity of hot chocolate have greater internal energy? Why? –Which has more internal energy, a gallon of cold water or a drop of hot chocolate? –How will the internal energy of the water and hot chocolate change over time? How will this change occur?

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Internal Energy and Heat Internal Energy (U) is the energy contained within the particles of a substance. Heat (Q) is the internal energy transferred between objects. –Heat always moves from a higher-temperature object to a lower-temperature object. –The rate of transfer depends on the difference in temperature. The greater the temperature difference, the greater the rate of energy transfer (if other factors are equal).

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Internal Energy and Heat Which way does heat flow if you place a warm canned beverage in cold water? How does this occur, on a molecular level?

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Temperature and Heat

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Heat has Units of Energy (joules)

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Heat Transfer In what three ways can internal energy be transferred from a hot object to a colder object? –Conduction is the transfer of heat through a substance by molecule to molecule contact. Metals are good conductors. Styrofoam is a good insulator. –Convection is the transfer of energy by the movement of a fluid. Hot air in a room rises and cold air moves in to replace it. –Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. No matter is transferred, only energy.

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Comparing Convection, Conduction, and Radiation

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Heat and Work Work can be changed into internal energy (U). –Rub your hands together and you’ll feel the increase in internal energy produced by your work. –Pull a nail from a piece of wood and the nail is hot. Mechanical energy (PE + KE) is conserved when there is no friction. Total energy, including internal energy, is always conserved.

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Energy Conservation Any loss of one type is balanced by a gain in the other types of energy. Predict the sign (+, -, or 0) for the change in each quantity when: –A child slides down a plastic playground slide –A car applies the brakes to stop on a level road

Heat Section 2 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Now what do you think? –Does the ice water or an equal quantity of hot chocolate have greater internal energy? Why? –Which has more internal energy, a gallon of cold water or a drop of hot chocolate? –How will the internal energy of the water and hot chocolate change over time? How will this change occur?

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company The student is expected to: TEKS 6E describe how the macroscopic properties of a thermodynamic system such as temperature, specific heat, and pressure are related to the molecular level of matter, including kinetic or potential energy of atoms

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company What do you think? What property of water makes it so useful as a coolant in automobiles, nuclear reactors, and other machinery? How does it differ from other liquids regarding its ability to cool substances? Why do you feel cool when getting out of a warm swimming pool on a hot day? How do you feel if it is windy out? Why? How do you feel if it is an indoor pool? Why?

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Specific Heat Capacity Specifc heat capacity (c p ) measures the amount of heat required to raise the temperature by 1°C for 1 kg of a substance. –It is different for every substance. SI Units: J/kg°C Alternate form of this equation: Q = c p m  T

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Suppose each metal shown above absorbs 100 J of energy. –Which will show the greatest increase in temperature? the least? –How does water compare to iron with regard to heat capacity?

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Calorimetry Calorimetry is a problem- solving approach to heat transfer problems. –Conservation of energy –Q gained = -Q lost A calorimeter is an insulated cup with water used for the experiment. –Ignore heat gained or lost by the cup, as it is small.

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Classroom Practice Problem In a student’s experiment, a kg metal ball is placed in a calorimeter filled with kg of water at 21.0°C. The initial temperature of the ball is 98.5°C. After reaching equilibrium, the temperature is 27.3°C. Find the specific heat capacity of the metal and use the table to determine the type of metal. –Answer: 444 J/kg°C, very close to iron

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Classroom Practice Problem A bathtub has 20.0 kg of water at 60.0°C and the bather wants the temperature to be 30.0°C. How much 20.0°C water must be added to the bath water to achieve the desired temperature? –Answer : 60.0 kg

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Latent Heat Latent heat is heat gained or lost during phase changes. –When substances melt, freeze, boil, condense, or sublime, the temperature does not change during the phase change. –Heat absorbed changes the potential energy of the particles.

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Latent Heat

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Heat of vaporization (L v ) is the heat required to change 1 kg of a substance from a liquid to a gas. –Which graph segment represents this? Latent Heat Heat of fusion (L f ) is the heat required to melt 1 kg of a substance. –Also equals the heat released when 1 kg freezes –Which graph segment represents this?

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Latent Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

Heat Section 3 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Now what do you think? What property of water makes it so useful as a coolant in automobiles, nuclear reactors and other machinery? How does it differ from other liquids regarding its ability to cool substances? Why do you feel cool when getting out of a warm swimming pool on a hot day? How do you feel if it is windy out? Why? How do you feel if it is an indoor pool? Why?