The Umayyad Caliphate in Hispania

SEQUENCE Background Expansion of empire Caliphs Reforms Main caliphs Reforms Administrative Reforms Social Reforms Financial Reforms Architectural Development Abbasids Conquest Reasons of fall Internal factors External factors In my presentation I will throw light upon the origin and background of the Umayyad Caliphate including details of important rulers of the dynasty. Different types of reforms brought by the umayyad rulers will also discussed……how the umayyad caliphs expanded their how abbasid caliphate defeated umayyads and took control of power and forced umayyad to flee to spain? What were the important internal and external factors that led to the decline of Umayyad empire…….after their decline how they established rule in spain…. ….

Rashideen Caliphate (632-661) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) MUSLIM RULE Muhammah (SAW) Rashideen Caliphate (632-661) Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) Abbasid caliphate (750-1258) After Muhammad (SAW)passed away the problem of succession of Islamic state set off which exists even today…..After Him (SAW) the first era comprised of the Rashideen caliphs who ruled from 632-661. There were four rashideen caliphs.After Rashideen caliphs eventually the Umayya clan seized leadership of Islam and set out to conquer all of the Middle East and north Africa. The umayyad caliphate was a golden period and had many achievements.After the Umayyads , Abbasids caliphate took over the rule of the Islamic empire…..

THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE BACKGROUND Abd Manaf → Abd Shams → Umayya Origin: Mecca After Khulafa e Rashidin (632-661 AD) Muawiyah: founder of dynasty Largest empire ever Seventh largest contiguous empire ever Transfer of power within family the Umayyad family (also known as the Banu Abd-Shams) and Muhammad both descended from a common ancestor, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai and they are originally from the city of Mecca. Muhammad descended from Abd Manāf via his son Hashim, while the Umayyads descended from Abd Manaf via a different son, Abd-Shams, whose son was Umayya. Umayyad family originally came from the city of Mecca, their capital was Damascus. At its greatest extent, it covered more than five million square miles (13,000,000 km2), making it one of the largest empires the world had yet seen, and the seventh largest contiguous empire ever to exist. The Umayyads were the first Muslim dynasty—that is, they were the first rulers of the Islamic Empire to pass down power within their family.

FAMILY TREE OF THE UMAYYADS Abd Manaf Hashim Abdul Mutalib Abdullah Muhammad(SAW) Abu Talib Ali (RA) Hussain(RA) Abd Shams Umayyah Harb Abu Sufiyan Muawiyah bin Sufiyan Yazid Bin Muawiyah Yazid Bin sufiyan This family tree shows the ancestry of the Umayyad Caliphate…….The umayyad caliphate started with the Muawiyah as first ruler……..

THE UMAYYAD EMPIRE This is the entire empire under the rule of Umayyads that includes Iberian peninsula or hispania….

EXPANSION DURING UMAYYAD RULE During Rashideen Caliphs These figures clearly show how rapidly the Umayyad spread over a large territory in comparison to The Rashideen Caliphate period. During Umayyad Rule

THE UMAYYAD CALIPHS Muawiyah I (661–680): Founder of the Umayyad dynasty Yazid I (680–683) Muawiyah II (683–684) Marwan I (684–685) Abd al-Malik (685–705) Al-Walid I (705–715) Sulayman (715–717) Umar II (717–720) Yazid II (720–724) Hisham (724–743) Al-Walid II (743–744) Yazid III (744) Ibrahim (744) Marwan II The Umayyad Caliphate in Hispania consists of 14 different rulers at different eras for different time periods. Each ruler with his own traits of governance.

Mu’awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (661 – 680) MAIN CALIPHS Mu’awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (661 – 680) Abdul Malik (685 – 705) Umar II (717 – 720) Marwan II (744 – 750) However the four main Caliphs in the history of umayyad caliphate in hispania are:

MU’AWIYAH IBN ABU SUFYAN (661 – 680) Syria : powerful military and naval base Muslim Centre: Iraq to Damascus Tolerant policy towards christians Postal service Bureau of registry Military expansion to north, east and west The first caliph was Mu’awiyah ibn Abu Sufyan was the governor over Syria for 20 years. He changed Syria into a powerful military and naval base. To consolidate the support of the Syrian, he transferred the centre of Muslim government from Iraq to Damascus. However, there was a lack of the support from the influential religious circles. He transformed the Islamic government to an Arab tribal aristocracy served by a bureaucracy. He created a postal service and a bureau of registry. He framed a tolerant policy toward Christians. He organised military expansion - on land and sea, to the north, east, and west. That was a new era of Muslim Arab conquest which was established. He established his kingdom to the east, the north-eastern province of Persia—Khurasan, to the west, North Africa as far west as Algeria and to the north, with the Byzantine.

ABDUL MALIK (685 – 705) Strengthening governmental administration Arabic: language of administration Money system, coinage The second main caliph was Abdul Malik. he strengthened the governmental administration. He adopted Arabic as the language of administration . Abd al-Malik, who reigned for 20 years and transformed Muslim lands into a unified empire. Abd al-Malik spread his grandfather’s administrative reforms across North Africa and Persia, made Arabic the common language, constructed mosques in all new lands, and perhaps most importantly, unified the coinage of the empire in 696. By standardizing financial weights and measures, Abd al-Malik ensured that trade would flow smoothly across his vast lands. Abd al-Malik made another significant change when he ended the practice of featuring the ruler’s image on coins, and instead used only text, notably verses from the Qu’ran. Also during his reign, the Dome of the Rock, with its distinctive golden dome and beautiful calligraphy, was constructed in Jerusalem by 691. Abd al-Malik’s heirs completed the expansion of the Umayyad dynasty, extending its borders from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus River in the east a distance of nearly 6,000 miles. He set up a money system. He built mosques from local materials. There was the system of coinage and development in religious architecture. He made the Dome of the Rock, the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus.

ABDUL MALIK (685 – 705) Mosques Developing religious architecture He built mosques from local materials. He made the Dome of the Rock, the Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus. Religious architecture was given great importance and a lot of development was achieved in this field. Dome Of the Rock The Great Mosque of Damascus The Aqsa Mosque

Not a successor: appointed Formation of council UMAR II (717 – 720) Not a successor: appointed Formation of council Very simple: lived in a tent Redistribution of seized estates Enforced Shariah Welfare programs Education The third main caliph was ‘Umar II (717 – 720). He was not a hereditary successor to the former caliph, but was appointed. His mother was a granddaughter of Hazrat Umar (r.a). He formed a council with which he administered the province. He preferred to keep things simple. All depositing equipment in the public treasury was meant for the caliph. He decided in abandoning the palace to the family of Suleiman and lived in a tent. He was publicly encouraging the people to elect someone else if they were not satisfied with him. He confiscated all estates seized by Umayyad "royalty" and redistributed it to the people. He was unpopular with the Umayyad court but was beloved by the masses. He continued the welfare programs and special programs for orphans and the destitute. He reinforced the Islamic frontier but he had to contend with Kharijite uprisings. He was one of the finest caliphs in Islamic History. He gave much importance to Education, Schools of Shari’ah and advocated the return to Shari’ah.

Degradation of society Inefficient governors Lost many territories MARWAN II (744 – 750) Last ruler Many problems Degradation of society Inefficient governors Lost many territories The fourth caliph to be studied is Marwan II (744 – 750). He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus. He took the caliphate after his cousin Ibrahim abdicated and went into hiding. He inherited an empire that was falling apart and he dedicated his life in trying to keep the Umayyad Empire together. There were Anti-Umayyad in Iran and Iraq and thus the Abbasids had gained a lot of followers. He was killed by Abu Al Abbas As Saffa (at bank of river Nile). There were too many problems and could not solve all of them. He lost many territories to the Abbasid and the Islamic dominion was surrounded by enemies from all sides. There was a lack of administrative measures due to inefficiency of his governors. He was thus not able to consolidate the Islamic frontiers and wasn’t able to cope with the existing and uprising Khawarij. For 6 years he tried to regain the lost cause. His society was characterized by Shari’ah being established in the dominion, loyalty of some of his governors, support of the masses, inefficiency of his men, materialistic influence of the society, degradation of the society (sins), uprising movement and slogan against the state and threat against the Umayyad families.

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Three main governmental branches Political and military affairs Tax collection Religious administration Further divided One of the Umayyad’s first tasks was to create a stable administration for their empire. They followed the main ideas of the Byzantine Empire which had ruled the same region previously, and had three main governmental branches: political and military affairs; tax collection; and religious administration. Each of these was further subdivided into more branches, offices, and departments.

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Six boards Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue) Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence) Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet) Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts) Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice) Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board) To assist the Caliph in administration there were six “boards": Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue), Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence), Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet), Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts), Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice) and Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board).

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS Governors Religious officials, Army leaders, Police, and Civil Administrators Local expenses from taxes Accountable for the financial development and problems Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the khalifah. The governor was in charge of the religious officials, army leaders, police, and civil administrators in his province. Local expenses were paid for by taxes coming from that province, with the remainder each year being sent to the central government in Damascus. As the central power of the Umayyad rulers waned in the later years of the dynasty, some governors neglected to send the extra tax revenue to Damascus and created great personal fortunes. As the empire grew, the number of qualified Arab workers was too small to keep up with the rapid expansion of the empire. Therefore, Muawiya allowed many of the local government workers in conquered provinces to keep their jobs under the new Umayyad government.

FINANCIAL REFORMS Coins Standardized weight and design Phrases from Quran Dinars and Dirhams there was the introduction of the official Arabic coinage. A standard Arabic coinage was developed to replace the Arab-Byzantine and Arab-Sassanian types which had been used up to this time. From the coin reform on, all Umayyad coinage was of a standardised weight and design: purely epigraphic, with an inscription giving the date and a religious formula. These measures served to introduce a unity which hitherto had been lacking. In the Umayyad Caliphate, pre-existing coins remained in use, but with phrases from the Quran stamped on them. In addition to this, the Umayyad government began to mint its own coins in Damascus (which were similar to pre-existing coins), the first coins minted by a Muslim government in history. Gold coins were called dinars while silver coins were called dirhams.

Four main social classes: SOCIAL REFORMS Four main social classes: Muslim Arabs Muslim non-Arabs (clients of the Muslim Arabs) Non-Muslim free persons (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) Slaves Superior Arabs Social unrest The Muslim Arabs were at the top of the society, and saw it as their duty to rule over the conquered areas. Despite the fact that Islam teaches the equality of all Muslims, the Arab Muslims held themselves in higher esteem than Muslim non-Arabs and generally did not mix with other Muslims. The inequality of Muslims in the empire led to social unrest. As Islam spread, more and more of the Muslim population became non-Arabs. This caused tension as the new converts were not given the same rights as Muslim Arabs. Also, as conversions increased, tax revenues of non-Muslims decreased to dangerous lows. These issues continued to grow until they helped cause the Abbasid Revolt in the 740s. Non-Muslims were given the status of second class citizens. Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire. Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Equality of men and women Women participation in politics WOMEN EMANCIPATION Women rights Equality of men and women Women participation in politics Women education Legal rights in marriage and divorce Strengthened women’s position in society. Bonds between husband and wife were strengthened  Forbade female infanticide  Gave women the right to have a say in who they married.  Gave women legal rights in marriage and divorce.  Dowry would go to woman (not her family) after a divorce. Women were allowed to participate in politics Women did not have to wear veils Women were allowed to go to school, pursue most occupations, participate in law and trade

ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT Umayyad Mosque The Aqsa Mosque there was development in Architectural buildings and palaces. The Umayyad architecture is a major witness of the dynasty, with numerous buildings still extant. Extensive municipal architectural programmes were undertaken, in addition to those constructions that were built by order of the Umayyad royal family.there were the construction of different mosques and the Dome of the Rock. Both the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus appear to have been built as symbols of Umayyad power and victory, and these buildings still give an impression of the grandeur of the dynasty’s architecture The Great Damascus mosque The Damascus School

Afghanistan and Pakistan Stopped by the Franks in 732 UMAYYAD CONQUESTS Middle East Persia North Africa Spain and Portugal Afghanistan and Pakistan Stopped by the Franks in 732 The umayyad empire has the distinction of being the largest empire ever ruled as well the seventh largest contiguous empire of the world.The umayyad continued to conquer new lands. The empire spanned parts of three continents Africa,Asia and Europe in less than a hundred years. they were stopped by Franks in 732 otherwise they would have taken large part of europe……..

UMAYYAD’S FALL BY THE ABBASIDS Rebel army from Khurasan Marwan’s army was defeated Damascus and other syrian cities conquered Umayyads were killed ruthlessly Except Umar II During the reign of different rulers there was great disparity among arab and non-arab muslims. Also there were many wrong policies and administrative practices going on in different eras.this accumulated a great revolt among non-arab muslims. Other than that there were many movements and conspiracies against umayyads……. there were too many illicit thoughts and activities (policies) like adultery, prostitution, the bait-ul-Maal became the kingdom’s property as such. The people were disgusted with that regime. there were bribes which were distributed to gain popularity and election by the governors of the future caliph. They were buying their seats for the caliphate. interest was ramping and too much liberty was given to non-Muslims in many fields. The rate of interest imposed by the lenders over both Muslims and non Muslims were too high. The rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer. there was a return to islamisation from the good caliphs which also meant a reduction of illicit gain. In this way the corrupted people tried their best to eliminate them (the good caliphs). both the Christian and the Jews were not loyal to the caliph and they plotted against them for personnel interest. They were never for the caliphate or the Islamic state as during the time of the PROPHET (S.A.W). An integrated rebel army of Arab and non-Arab Muslims from Khurasan headed for Damascus, picking up support along the way. Abbas, a descendant of the paternal uncle of Muhammad, was declared caliph. Abbas promised a new era of concord, happiness and just rule in strict accordance with God's law. The rebel army and Marwan's army clashed in Mesopotamia, and the rebel army was victorious. Marwan II fled south through Palestine and into Egypt, where he was overtaken and beheaded. Damascus and other Syrian cities and towns fell to the rebel army without much of a struggle. The graves of the Umayyad caliphs were opened and their corpses burned – except for the pious Umar II, still seen by many as a good caliph. Abbasids won a major battle at the River Zab. Invited the Umayyad family to a banquet to reconcile the umma. Guards wrapped the family in carpets and assassinated them. Umayyad that were not at the banquet were hunted down. Only a few survived and moved to Spain founding the Caliphate of Corduba

REASONS OF FALL: INTERNAL Internal weaknesses Inequality Bribery Interest Illicit activities like adultery, prostitution etc Luxury and soft living Started Harems Pleasure Gardens Royal Palaces Moved away from war Abandoned the principles of Muhammad There were many reasons of fall of the umayyad dynasty that include internal as well as external factors…….as far as internal weaknesses are concerned… there were too many illicit thoughts and activities (policies) like adultery, prostitution, the bait-ul-Maal became the kingdom’s property as such. The people were disgusted with that regime. there were bribes which were distributed to gain popularity and election by the governors of the future caliph. They were buying their seats for the caliphate. interest was ramping and too much liberty was given to non-Muslims in many fields. The rate of interest imposed by the lenders over both Muslims and non Muslims were too high. The rich becoming richer and the poor becoming poorer. there was a return to islamisation from the good caliphs which also meant a reduction of illicit gain. In this way the corrupted people tried their best to eliminate them (the good caliphs). both the Christian and the Jews were not loyal to the caliph and they plotted against them for personnel interest. They were never for the caliphate or the Islamic state as during the time of the prophet (s.a.w).There was great Inequality among arab and non arab muslims. . Moreover, there was a general political instability among the caliph due to their inexperienced governance. At the outset they were nominated due to their influences and many of them were inexperienced in fields of administration, business (trade) and humanitarian grounds. Furthermore, there was a lack of expertise and counselling from Umayyad caliphs. Each caliph would do as he wanted to run his reign and country. There was no sincere and concrete Majlis Shurah. Another reason was that there was a decrease in the amount of jizya obtained from non-Muslims resulting in a decrease in the Bait-ul-Maal. That was done to please the non Muslims and to obtain their votes but the bait ul Maal was not well funded. Added to that, the unpopular caliphs due to their personnel interest disgusted the common people. The latter knew that these caliphs were nominated due to their political power and thirst for money and power. There were so many unreligious and egocentric deputies, governors and caliphs of the Umayyad period. Moreover, there was no regular check on the work and expenses of the governors. Some of the caliphs were themselves self centred and the governors would do the same. Again, there were so many critics concerning the morality of both the Umayyad caliphs and the state of the Islamic society

REASONS OF FALL: EXTERNAL The Khawarij movement Revolts from tribes Revolts from Abbasids the Khawarij were always uprising from all sides to create instability in the society. That was since the time of the prophet in his army and city. They were the mischief mongers. there were revolts from those tribes who accepted Islam based for personnel interest and once a caliph passed away they rose against the Muslims. They wanted only to be under the protection and wings of the caliphs. there were constant revolts from the Abbasid leaders against any Umayyad caliph. The Abbasid wanted to come to power and every mean was good to attain their objective. The opposing regime (Abbasid) would use illegal means in order to wipe out the Umayyad from the surface of the earth. there were well established conspiracies led by the Abbasid to bribe and buy the Umayyad governors. Many governors were on the side of the Abbasid secretly and they plotted against the Umayyad till its downfall. More to the point, there was a series of attack on the main points/strength of the caliphate or related to their family members. There were menaces, threats, kidnappings, many attempts to kill and murders upon the Umayyad. The two maps compare the umayyad empire with abbasid empire. It clearly shows that abbasid could not conquer as much land as umayyad had done during thie dynasty.for example spain was not under abbasids, similarly Cordoba was also not under the rule of abbasids………

Al-Andalus under the Umayyads Umayyad In Spain (750-1031) Brief History Conquest of Spain (710-714) Tariq bin Ziyad Appointment of Governors Battle of Zab River and Massacre of Umayyad Family (750) Abdur Rehman (The lone Survivor) In 711 AD, a Muslim army under the command of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and entered Spain. With in four years Spain marked the westernmost expansion of both the Umayyad Caliphate. Until 756 Spain was ruled, like the other provinces of the Umayyad empire, by a series of governors appointed by the Umayyad Caliphs. The last Umayyad, Mawan-II (744–750), was defeated at the Battle of the Great Zāb River (750). Members of the Umayyad house were hunted down and killed by Abbasids. Abdur Rehman was the sole survivor of the massacre who ran for his life and ended up in Al-Andalus, the only remnants of once the great Umayyad Dynasty. Al-Andalus under the Umayyads

UMAYYAD RULE IN SPAIN Abd ar Rehman : lone survivor Moved to spain Established capital at Cordoba (755) By most accounts, Abd al-Rahman was the lone survivor of the Umayyad dynasty after the Abbasids murdered his extended family. He made his way to Spain within five years, mustered support of the Umayyad governors and generals still in the region, and established a capital in the city of Cordoba in 755. During his reign, Abd al-Rahman gave most power to Arab Umayyads, enforced Islam as the official religion, and around 785 began construction on the Great Mosque of Cordoba. This mosque, known in Spanish as La Mezquita, would become the architectural centerpiece of the capital, and of the kingdom. One of the building’s most distinctive features is the prayer hall. Its high ceiling is supported by a forest of columns and arcades, decorated in red and white. Under Abd al-Rahman III and his immediate successors, Umayyad rule in Spain reached its peak. The Umayyads were ultimately replaced in 1031 by a succession of other Muslim dynasties in Spain that lasted until 1492 .

CONCLUSION Largest empire ever seen Many achievements in different areas Fault on the part of rulers Bad governance Inequality Political interests Luxury Unable to curb religious and political differences An example for rulers to come

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