Unit 5 DNA, REPLICATION, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL DIVISION

HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA NUCLEOTIDE.

RNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA NUCLEOTIDE.

RNA NucleotideDNA Nucleotide HE.5.B.1: MODEL THE COMPONENTS OF A DNA NUCLEOTIDE AND AN RNA NUCLEOTIDE. Sugar is ribose Bases include: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Uracil Sugar is deoxyribose Bases include: Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Note packet page 9

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Overall Shape: Double Helix (looks like a twisted ladder)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Nitrogen containing bases: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Base Pairing Rules: Adenine to Thymine (A – T) Cytosine to Guanine (C to G)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Backbone: Phosphate Sugar (deoxyribose)

HE.5.B.2: DESCRIBE THE WATSON-CRICK DOUBLE HELIX MODEL OF DNA, USING BASE- PAIRING RULE. Chargaff’s Rules: Amount of A always equals amount of T Amount of C always equals amount of G

HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA AND RNA.

RNA Structure  Single stranded  Sugar = ribose  Bases:  Adenine  Cytosine  Guanine  Uracil DNA Structure  Double stranded  Sugar = deoxyribose  Bases:  Adenine  Cytosine  Guanine  Thymine HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA AND RNA.

 Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Carries DNA messages from nucleus to ribosome  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Makes up part of the ribosome  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Reads mRNA and carries the correct amino acid to the ribosome HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA AND RNA.  RNA Function

 Instructions for making/controlling all things in the cell HE.5.B.3: COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF DNA AND RNA.  DNA Function

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

DNA Replication:  General Description:  Process of making an exact copy of DNA. HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Replication Process: 1.Original DNA strands separate 2.Complementary nucleotides attach  Use base pairing rules 3.Backbone formed to create new strand  Sugar and phosphates bond together 4.End Result: Two identical DNA molecules  Each has one original strand and one new strand HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Replication: Identify the structures 1.Original DNA strands 2.Complementary nucleotides 3.DNA Polymerase (enzyme) 4.Newly constructed DNA Strand HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 DNA Replication occurs during the Synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Terminology for Protein Synthesis:  Transcription: Process of copying a DNA message onto an mRNA molecule.  Translation: Process of translating the message on an mRNA into a protein. HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Terminology for Protein Synthesis:  mRNA: Carries the DNA message to the ribosome.  tRNA: reads the mRNA message and brings amino acids to the ribosome.  rRNA: makes up part of the ribosome. HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Terminology for Protein Synthesis:  Codon: 3 letter “word” on mRNA that codes for an amino acid  Anticodon: 3 letter “word” on tRNA that matches the codon  Ribosome: structure in the cell where proteins are made HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Central Dogma 1.DNA 2.Transcription 3.mRNA 4.Translation 5.Protein HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 Example:  DNA: TAC CGG TAA CGC  mRNA: AUG GCC AUU GCG  Amino Acid: Met Ala Ile Ala HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

 DNA determines sequence of mRNA  mRNA is grouped into “codons” of 3 letters  Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid  tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome  Amino acids link together to make a protein HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION.

Transcription Drawing

HE.5.B.4: DESCRIBE AND MODEL THE PROCESSES OF REPLICATION, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION. Translation Drawing

MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

1.Interphase 2.Gap 1 (G1) Phase  Does normal cell things, Cell grows, makes more organelles 3.Synthesis (S) phase  DNA Replication occurs 4.Gap 2 (G2) phase  Same as G1 MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

5.Cell Division (M-phase) 6.Mitosis 7.Cytokinesis 8.Prophase 9.Metaphase 10.Anaphase 11.Telophase 12.Cytokinesis MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

 Step 1: Interphase  Purpose: Prepare the cell  Gap 1 (G1):  Normal cell things  Cell grows and copies organelles  Synthesis (S):  DNA Replication occurs  Gap 2 (G2):  Same as G1 MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 2: Mitosis  Purpose: divide the nucleus  Prophase:  Chromosomes condense  Nuclear envelope disappears  Spindle fibers form MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 2: Mitosis  Metaphase:  Chromosomes line up along equator (middle)  Anaphase:  Chromosomes pulled to opposite ends of cell by spindle fibers MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 2: Mitosis  Telophase:  Chromosomes uncoil  Nuclear envelope re-appears  Spindle fibers disappear MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis  Purpose: divide the cell (cytoplasm)  Occurs after telophase when there are two nuclei in the cell MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis  In plants:  Cell plate forms down middle of cell  Cells break apart MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Step 3: Cytokinesis  In animals:  Cell membrane pinches in  Cells pinch apart MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Why we need cell division:  Growth  Growing from a single cell to an adult requires more cells MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Why we need cell division:  Replace dead/injured cells  Cells must be replaced as they are lost  Example: skin cells constantly shed and must be replaced MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

Why we need cell division:  Replace cells after illness  Immune responses destroy healthy and sick cells MC.2.B.8: DESCRIBE THE MAIN EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL DIVISION: INTERPHASE, MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

PMAT  P=Prophase  M=Metaphase  A=Anaphase  T=Telophase MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE

Parent Cell: Interphase Diploid Somatic (body) cell DNA is copied Prophase: Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope disappears Spindle fibers form

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator (middle) Chromosomes attached to spindle fibers Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled apart by spindle fibers

MC.2.B.9: LIST IN ORDER AND DESCRIBE THE STAGES OF MITOSIS: PROPHASE, METAPHASE, ANAPHASE, TELOPHASE Telophase: Chromosomes uncoil Nuclear envelopes re- appear Spindle fibers disappear

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT.

1 st division of Meiosis: Almost identical to mitosis Difference = chromatids on homologous chromosomes can switch Called crossing over

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. 2 nd division of Meiosis: This division cuts chromosome # in half Still similar to mitosis Difference: end up with 4 unique haploid cells

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Purpose of Meiosis: To create gametes or sex cells that are haploid Importance of creating haploid cells: A gamete has to fuse with another gamete to make a new individual (fertilization) If each had full set of chromosomes, the new individual would have twice as many chromosomes

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. How does each sex cell become unique: Chromosomes line up randomly Crossing over occurs

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Fertilization: Fusion of gametes to create a new individual

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Egg and Sperm each created through meiosis Egg and Sperm combine during Fertilization Fertilization creates a new individual Egg = Haploid Egg(haploid) + Sperm(haploid) = New Individual Cell (diploid) Sperm = Haploid

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Somatic CellsGametes: Body Cells Diploid Sex Cells (egg or sperm) Haploid

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. 1.Autosomes Regular chromosomes 22 pairs in humans

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. 2.Homologous Chromosomes A pair of chromosomes 1 from mom 1 from dad Same genes on each one; just different versions

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. 3.Sex Chromosomes 23 rd or last pair in humans Determine gender Females have XX Males have XY

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Diploid Cell:Haploid Cell: Has 2 copies of each chromosome These are somatic cells Has 1 copy of each chromosome These are gametes 1 from mom’s egg 1 from dad’s sperm Egg for females Sperm for males

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. DiploidHaploid

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Mitosis vs. Meiosis MitosisMeiosis 1. Makes diploid cells1. Makes haploid cells 2.Creates identical cells2.Creates unique cells 3. Makes somatic cells3.Makes gametes 4. Used to grow & heal 4.Used to create sex cells for reproduction 5. Cell divides once5. Cell divides twice

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Mitosis: Diploid Parent Cell Nucleus then cell divides DNA Replication Diploid daughter cells

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Meiosis Part I: Diploid Parent Cell Nucleus then cell divides DNA Replication Diploid daughter cells

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Meiosis Part II: Diploid daughter cells from 1 st division Haploid daughter cells cell divides again

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. HaploidDiploid Human23 46 Earthworm 18 36

MC.2.B.10: ANALYZE THE MEIOTIC MAINTENANCE OF A CONSTANT CHROMOSOME NUMBER FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT. Egg/SpermZygote Maize (corn)10 20 Dog 36 78