GEOG 101 – Day 11: Review for the Mid-term Quiz

Housekeeping Items Are there any school presentation outlines outstanding? If you’re doing a campus research project, get me something by Monday of next week. Today we will finish up biodiversity and do the review for the quiz on Wednesday, which is worth 15%. It will be a mix of true/false, multiple choice, short answer, and a very small number of essay questions. It covers Chapter 1, and Chapters 5-9.

Review Questions *The term “environment” includes a) animals and plants b) oceans and rivers c) soil and atmosphere d) all of the above are included in this term *Which of the following is correct about the term “environmentalism”? a) it is very science-oriented b) it is a social movement to protect the environment c) it usually does not include advocacy for the environment d) it involves scientists trying to solve environmental problems *Adding various amounts of fertilizer to plants in a laboratory is a _____ type of experiment: a) correlative b) natural c) manipulative d) rare

Review Questions *What is the definition of “sustainable development”? a) using resources to benefit future generations, even if it means lower availability now b) letting future generations figure out their own problems c) using resources to satisfy current needs without compromising future availability d) letting each country decide what is its best interest *Which do you think is the best way to protect commonly owned resources (i.e., air, water, fisheries)? a) sell the resource to a private entity b) to voluntary organizations to enforce responsible use c) governmental regulations d) do nothing and see what happens

Review Questions *Do you think the rest of the world can have an ecological footprint as large as the footprint of the Canada? a) yes, because we will find new technologies and resources b) yes, because the footprint of Canada is not really that large c) definitely not; the world does not have that many resources d) it does not matter; it’s not that important

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, what has happened to the population over the last 500 years? a) It has grown exponentially b) It has grown linearly c) It has decreased d) It has slowed down recently

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens if test results reject a hypothesis? a) The scientist formulates a new hypothesis b) It shows the test failed c) The hypothesis was supported d) The predictions may not have been correct

QUESTION: Review The term “system” includes all of the following, except: A network of relationships among various components The various components tend to minimize interactions Energy, matter, and information are exchanged between components Energy and matter are valuable inputs to the system Answer: b 5-8 8

QUESTION: Review Which of the following describes a positive feedback loop? It drives a system towards an extreme It stabilizes the system It causes the system to move in opposite directions at the same rates It causes the system to maintain a constant condition Answer: a 5-9 9

QUESTION: Review Which of the following is a correct statement? Energy and matter flow in one direction only Energy and matter both cycle repeatedly Energy flows in one direction, while matter recycles Matter flows in one direction, while energy recycles Answer: c 5-10 10

QUESTION: Review What is the definition of “net primary production”? Assimilation of energy by heterotrophs Elements and compounds that are required for survival Energy remaining after respiration that is used to generate biomass Assimilation of energy by autotrophs Answer: c 5-11 11

QUESTION: Review Which biogeochemical cycle comprises 78% of our atmosphere, and is contained in proteins, DNA and RNA? Carbon Nitrogen Water Phosphorus Answer: b 5-12 12

QUESTION: Review Which biogeochemical cycle is being affected by damming rivers, and altering the surface and vegetation? Carbon Nitrogen Water Phosphorus Answer: b 5-13 13

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this graph, which ecosystem has the warmest temperature and most rainfall? a) Temperate grassland b) Boreal forest c) Savannah d) Tropical rain forest

QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) Women are having more babies b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food c) More women are using contraceptives d) Nothing, the population has dropped in recent years Answer: b 6-15 15

QUESTION: Review According to the I = P x A x T formula, what would happen if China’s 1 billion people had a lifestyle like Canadians? a) Their population would automatically drop b) Their population would automatically increase c) Their affluence and technology would increase d) Their impact on the environment would even out Answer: c 6-16 16

QUESTION: Review How have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species? a) Through technology b) By eliminating limiting factors c) Through increased consumption d) Spending more money on non-essential resources Answer: a 6-17 17

QUESTION: Review Areas that lack significant numbers of people, and have a low population density are… a) No longer available b) Best able to support higher densities of people c) Sensitive areas least able to support high densities of people d) Located around tropical and grassland areas Answer: c 6-18 18

QUESTION: Review Describe the relationship between growth rates and population size. a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population c) Falling growth rates means we no longer have a population problem d) Falling growth rates does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing Answer: d 6-19 19

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data What happens during the “pre-industrial” stage of the demographic transition? FIGURE 6.14 High birth and death rates rise cause population increases High birth and death rates, but population is stable High birth rates with low death rates cause population to increase Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease Answer: b 6-20 20

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be…? a) Balanced b) Larger c) Much larger d) Smaller e) Much smaller Answer: c FIGURE 6.10 6-21 21

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data According to these graphs, which countries had access to family planning? a) Iraq and Pakistan b) Malawi and Haiti c) Malawi and Kenya d) Kenya and Bangladesh Answer: c 6-22 22

QUESTION: Review Physical weathering is characterized by: The chemical interaction of water with parent material Organisms breaking down parent material Wind or rain breaking down parent material The dislodging or movement of soil by wind Answer: c 7-23 23

QUESTION: Review Which horizon is the most valuable for agriculture? A horizon B horizon C horizon R horizon Answer: a FIGURE 7.3 7-24 24

QUESTION: Review Erosion increases through all of the following, except: Excessive tilling Overgrazing Clearing forests All of the above increase erosion Answer: d 7-25 25

Traditional subsistence agriculture uses all of the following, except: QUESTION: Review Traditional subsistence agriculture uses all of the following, except: Animal power Irrigation Irrigation water Fossil fuels Answer: d 7-26 26

QUESTION: Review Which sustainable farming method involves planting rows of trees along field edges to slow the wind? Terracing Crop rotation Shelterbelts Contour farming Answer: c 7-27 27

QUESTION: Review We have become more sustainable in food production Why has our production of food increased, despite the growing population? We have become more sustainable in food production We have converted much more land to agricultural production Technology in the form of fossil fuels, pesticides, and fertilizers have increased production We have not produced more food in the past several decades Answer: c 8-28

QUESTION: Review Undernourishment Overnutrition Food security Which term means “a shortage of nutrients the body needs”? Undernourishment Overnutrition Food security Malnutrition Answer: d 8-29

QUESTION: Review Which of the following is NOT correct about monocultures? They are an efficient way to produce food They increase biodiversity They make crops more susceptible to diseases They narrow human diets Answer: b 8-30

QUESTION: Review No-till farming Biocontrol Some chemical use Which of the following is not a part of Integrated Pest Management (IPM)? No-till farming Biocontrol Some chemical use All are part of IPM Answer: d 8-31

QUESTION: Review How does GM food production differ from traditional, selective breeding? It does not differ It uses genes from different species It involves more fieldwork It works better in developing countries Answer: b 8-32

QUESTION: Review What is a “seed bank”? An institution that preserves seed types for their genetic diversity A form of banking in developing countries, where people can put their excess seeds up as collateral for a loan A form of genetically modified organism An area where livestock are fed high-quality grains Answer: a 8-33

QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Given that the Green Revolution has increased crop yields, but only by using increased fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, and hybrid seed, do you consider it a success? Yes, because more people were fed, regardless of the price Yes, because industrialized countries can help through education and technology No, we will have to eventually pay the environmental costs of producing food in this way It does not matter; I can buy food whenever I want Answer: any 8-34

QUESTION: Weighing the Issues Factory farming allows us to have high consumption of meat products. However, many people are troubled by the conditions that animals are kept in. Should the quality of the animals’ lives be considered when we decide how to raise food? Yes, the quality of an animal’s life is important, too Yes, but only if it does not interfere with access to meat No, animals have no right to a quality of life I don’t care; I’m not particularly fond of cows or chickens Answer: any 8-35

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data If the average person eats 3 kg of meat per week, how many kg of grain are required if the meat came from a cow? a) 60 kg b) 22 kg c) 3 kg d) 12 kg Answer: a FIGURE 8.17 8-36

Do we have ethical obligations toward other species? Humans are part of nature and need resources to survive Our ethics have developed from our intelligence and our ability to make choices Many people feel that other organisms have intrinsic value and an inherent right to exist 9-37

Biophilia and nature deficit disorder weighing the issues What do you think of the concepts of biophilia and “nature deficit disorder”? Have you ever felt a connection to other living things that you couldn’t explain in scientific or economic terms? Do you think that an affinity for other living things is innately human? How could you determine whether or not most people in your community feel this way? 9-38

There are 34 global biodiversity hotspots 2.3% of the planet’s land surface contains 50% of the world’s plant species and 42% of all terrestrial vertebrate species FIGURE 9.23 9-39

QUESTION: Review Species Genetics Ecosystems Which level is NOT included in the concept of biodiversity? Species Genetics Ecosystems All of the above are included in this concept Answer: d 9-40 40

QUESTION: Review What happens when a species experiences “inbreeding depression”? The species becomes too large for the resource base Genetically similar parents mate and produce inferior offspring Genetically similar parents mate and produce superior offspring The number and variety of species increases Answer: b 9-41 41

QUESTION: Review Species richness increases towards the equator According to the concept of “latitudinal gradient,” which of the following happens? Species richness increases towards the equator Species richness decreases towards the equator Species richness decreases over time Countries like Canada have many more species than expected Answer: a 9-42 42

QUESTION: Review Invasive species Pollution Habitat loss Which of the following is the major cause of extinction? Invasive species Pollution Habitat loss Overharvesting Answer: c 9-43 43

QUESTION: Review Provide ecosystem services Decrease food security Biodiversity does all of the following, except… Provide ecosystem services Decrease food security Maintain ecosystem function Provide aesthetic benefits Answer: b 9-44 44

QUESTION: Review According to the theory of island biogeography, which island would have the highest species richness? A large island, close to the mainland A large island, far from the mainland A small island, close to the mainland A small island, far from the mainland Answer: a 9-45 45

QUESTION: Review An area located near the equator A “biodiversity hotspot” is…? An area located near the equator An area that supports few, but large, species An area that contains naturally high numbers of people An area that contains a large number of endemic species Answer: d 9-46 46

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data Where would ecotourists go to view the maximum species richness on these islands? a) Redonda b) Montserrat c) Puerto Rico d) Hispaniola Answer: d 9-47 47