UNIT II SITE PLANNING Syllabus: Surveys – Site analysis – Development Control – Layout regulations- Layout design concepts.

SURVEYS Carried out by looking for facts already recorded by investigators and authorities and by original field work

The town planning survey tells the present state of the town and finds out the details of The people, their needs and occupations and how they follow them. The land and building and how they satisfy the needs of the people.

Necessity The two mail advantages of a fully documented survey is as follows The survey helps to find the relationship between complicated activities of a town life. It helps to give solution towards the local requirements.

Collection of data The following four surveys are carried out to collect data Functional survey Social survey Territorial survey Vital survey

Functional survey The functional aspects of town life are studied. The items included are - means of communication -conditions of industry Types of information collected in functional survey Roads Railways

3. Air ports and sea ports 4. Waterways and canals 5 3. Air ports and sea ports 4. Waterways and canals 5. Local industries 6. Mines and their location 7. Probable cost of the scheme.

Social survey: Town- history, architecture, health, housing Types of information collected Ancient ruins of historical building Architectural character History of growth Preservation of wild life Parks and play grounds Public services- water supply, sewerage, electricity, telephones, street lighting.

Territorial survey Physical features, agricultural soil, forests, climatic conditions are studied Geology Contours of land Rivers, oceans and lakes Climatic conditions Forest and other natural vegetation

Vital survey-The population aspects. History of the past growth of population Density of population

Types of survey Preliminary Survey National Survey Regional survey Civic Survey

I.Preliminary Survey The data collected- preliminary in nature Electric power and its distribution Highways- conditions of road Housing – Existing housing Industries Land use- Density and character of towns Railways Water supply and Sewage

II.National Survey- A study of natural resources Administration- The aspects of land survey Agriculture- Types of agricultural soil & crop Patterns Communication facilities- Roads, Railways, Waterways Geography- Extent of sea coast

III. Regional survey IV. Civic Survey The town to be planned – should fit into the conditions prevailing in the region IV. Civic Survey Survey done by the conditions in and around the town Communication amenities Contour- helps in deciding gradients of roads Existing land use and land value

4. Historical background 5. Housing – Characteristics of houses 6 4. Historical background 5. Housing – Characteristics of houses 6. Industries 7. Population 8. Preservation of natural features 9. Public buildings 10. Public health 11. Public services 12.Topography.

Site Analysis What is Site planning? Site planning is the art of arranging Structures on the land and Shaping, spaces between them Art linked to Architecture, Engineering, Landscape Architecture and City Planning Site plan locate objects and activities in space and time The site plan may be concerned with a small cluster of houses, a single building and the surrounding space and a small community built in a single operation.

Site Identity and Change Site and the purpose for which it is used should be identified Every site, when disturbed it takes time to experience the mutual adjustment of its elements The flow of water has created a drainage pattern A site is composed of many factors above, below and on the ground

Many factors are involved in the analysis of the site which are to be considered Natural Factors 1. Geology 2. Topography 3. Hydrography 4. Soil 5. Vegetation 6. Wild Life 7.Climatic factors

II. Cultural Factors 1. Existing Land use 2. Linkages 3 II. Cultural Factors 1. Existing Land use 2. Linkages 3. Traffic and Transit 4. Density and Floor area ratio 5. Utilities 6. Existing Buildings 7. Historic factors III. Aesthetic Factors 1. Natural Features 2. Spatial Pattern

Development Control Development Control is the process involving land use control in which the development carried out by any agencies both private and public is checked in the benefit of whole society. Modern town planning helps in a systematic regulation to be followed in the use of land.

Factors to be considered in the complex urban system Physical factor – based on size and density of population Functional factor – based on predominance of activities Administrative factor Certain issues to be considered Sporadic growth of private properties Sprawl of slums Major transportation congestion

Need for Development Control 4. Crowding of residential and industrial zones 5. Availability of land for reclamation and thus offering new opportunities for development. Need for Development Control Control over development and use of land and buildings by local authorities may appear to be an interference with –Traditional property rights and – Individual liberty

It helps to avoid the chaotic growth of towns and to promote – Health – Safety morals – General welfare of the community

Aims and Objectives of development control Guides development or the use of land and preserves other sites from the undesirable development Prevents the misuse of land so that it will not injuriously affect the interests of the community It sets certain frame work of the development process – help in the improvement of the total environment

4. The rules should be flexible enough for the changing population and the complex needs of urban society

Tools of development control The most common tools are Sub division control Height control Plot coverage control Set back control Floor Area Ratio(FAR) control Density control Building line control Architectural control Advertisement control

Layout Regulations Role played by local authority The local authority can regulate -the individual plot development by regulating building line -specifying land use -controlling density and building heights -controlling the use of special building materials -insisting on specific designs of elevations in certain areas

Aim of layout regulations Preparation of layouts which will satisfy -higher standards with respect to open spaces outside -adequate area inside the building -to provide good light and ventilation

Layout regulations A good layout can be prepared by planning a high density of order of 300-350 persons/acre. The buildings should be located taking care of the prevailing breeze and day light. Large scale layouts can use all the various shapes, forms and types of buildings.

Layout regulations 4. In large scale developments, as it takes time for completion provisions should be made for any adjustments. 5. To evolve a good layout design the following facilities have to be taken care - Traffic Engineering - Housing design - Recreational facilities -Social aspects -Architectural treatment.

Layout regulations 6. No incentives is given for planning problem in small scale layouts. 7. Large scale development- take care of both social and individual needs. 8. When large scale development is done new cities are developed, old cities are improved. 9. Isolated plot by plot development are not be allowed as they don’t provide all the facilities for good. 10. The main objective of preparing layout has not changed over the years.

Layout regulations 11. By adopting new planning trends, it can evolve model layouts providing traffic safety and health safety. 12. A good layout can be made, it is not costly, it can be made economical in many ways.

Layout Design Concepts What is layout? The term layout refers to establishing proper relationship between buildings, roads and surrounding open spaces on a reasonably big area of land.

Design concepts involved The concept should give standards, principles for any development so that individual plots can be developed following the standards and principles. The principles that are followed are -Size, -Boundaries of plots, -Local shops should be provided -Internal roads -Open space - Recreational areas should be provided.