AP WORLD HISTORY – BY: KIMBERLY ZERBST UNIT 6: CHAPTER 36 NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA

WHAT ARE WE LEARNING? Totalitarianism Indian Independence Movement Power struggle in China Imperialist Japan New African Elites Back to Africa Movement Rise of Military Dictatorships

RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM

LEAGUE OF NATIONS PROVES IMPOTENT IN THE FACE OF AGGRESSION Treaty of Locarno Kellogg-Briand Pact Great depression democratically elected governments

COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA March 1917 – Nicholas II loses power March – October 1917 Provisional government 1921 – Lenin institutes NEP 1924 – Lenin dies, 6 year power struggle 1928 – Stalin begins 5 year plans 1930’s – Great famine and Purges occur

FASCISM IN ITALY October 1922 – Mussolini placed in charge by the King Mussolini in power 1920’s – infrastructure projects, anti Mafia, medicine & education 1930’s – depression, aggressive foreign policy 1940’s- closely aligned w/ Hitler

NAZISM IN GERMANY Weimar Republic 1923 – Beer- hall Putsch 1924 Mein Kampf 1930 – Great Depression hits 1932 – Nazi Party gets most electors 1933 – Hitler appointed chancellor 1935 – Nuremberg Laws

FASCIST DIFFERENCES Italy Flexible policies Left & right – revolutionary & conservative – catholic & anti-clerical “New” Italian Little art control 1929 Lateran agreement Germany Volksgemeinschaft Anti-semitism (German Volk) ALL art controllled Forced church compromise

FASCIST SIMILARITIES Italy Youth Movement (1926) Compulsory by 1932 Teacher loyalty oath 1932 Fascist history textbook 1936 “Angels of the hearth” Il duce propaganda Germany Hitler Youth Compulsory 1936 Non-nazi teachers purged all textbooks Nazi approved “Kinder, Kuche, Kirche” Der Fuhrer propaganda

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING Describe similarities and differences between the rise of communism in Russia and the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany? Education Government Freedoms Labor Social Religion

NATIONALISM IN THE MIDDLE EAST

MODERN TURKEY Young Turks – Loss of territory Mustafa Kemal - Ataturk 1923 – Turkish Republic

PERSIA - IRAN Russian (N) British (S) Spheres of Influence 1918 – British in Persia for oil 1921 – Reza Khan expelled the British 1925 – Reza changed to Reza Shah Pahlavi – westernized Iran

EGYPT, N. AFRICA, ARABIA French & British mandates Syria, Lebanon (France) Iraq, Jordan, Palestine (Britain) Balfour declaration Ibn Saud- drove out the Ottomans in 1920’s Oil discovered in 1938

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING How was the middle east’s nationalism different from that in Europe or Asia? How was the middle east’s nationalism similar to that of Europe or Asia? What happened in Turkey to the Armenian minority? Why did that event happen?

CHINA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE NO EUROPEAN SUPPORT

THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate Sun Yatsen ( ) proclaims Republic of China in 1912 Political anarchy follows Independent warlords exercise local control

SUN YAT-SEN Revolutionary leader Founder of Kuamintang (KMT) Uniting figure in post-imperial China Formed fragile alliance with communists

SOURCES OF CHINESE NATIONALISM Anti-imperialist sentiments from the 19 th century May Fourth Movement Anti-Japanese feelings Guomindang – Nationalist People’s Party Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921) Leader: Mao Zedong ( )

CHINESE CIVIL WAR Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) Mao Zedong

IMPERIALIST JAPAN Japan signs treaties under League of Nations to limit imperialist activity, Political chaos in interwar Japan, assassinations Militarist, imperialist circles advocate greater assertion of Japanese power in the region China a soft target Mukden Incident (1931) “Asia for the Asians” 1931 – Japanese invade Manchuria/Manchukuo 1937– Invasion of China, Rape of Nanjing 1938/39 – clash w/Soviets on Siberian border 1939 – take-over of French & British colonies (Greater E.Asian Co- Prosperity Sphere)

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING How did China’s political upheaval contribute to Japanese imperialism? How did the acquisition of Manchuria and other Chinese territory contribute to the Co- Prosperity Sphere?

INDIA’S QUEST FOR INDEPENDENCE NOMINAL BRITISH SUPPORT

INDIA’S QUEST FOR A HOMELAND

SOURCE OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA Indian National Congress (1885) Jawaharlal Nehru Muslim League (1905) Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims How did Woodrow Wilson’s ideas impact Indian nationalism? How did Lenin’s ideas impact Indian nationalism? 26

GHANDI’S PASSIVE RESISTANCE Ahimsa: non- violence Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”) Non-cooperation Movement ( ) Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) Boycott of British Institutions Armritsar Massacre (1919) 27

THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935, 1937) Creation of autonomous legislature 600 nominally sovereign princes refuse to cooperate Muslim fears of Hindu dominance Traditional economic divide Especially severe with Great Depression Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( ) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan 28

COMPARING INDIA AND CHINA India Nonviolent movement for home rule Anti-imperialist (British) Independence leads to internal conflict between Muslims and Hindus India Act Partition of India and Pakistan after independence China Armed conflicts Anti-imperial (Manchu, Japanese, Europeans) Internal conflicts due to warlords, communists and nationalists Civil War – communist win

CHECKING FOR UNDERSTANDING Who were the leaders of Indian Independence? What were the main issues of contention among the leaders of the Indian National Congress? How did British involvement change the dynamics of the struggle for Indian independence?

AFRICAN RESPONSES TO THE GREAT WAR

AFRICA AND THE GREAT WAR African colonies participate in World War I Allies invade German-controlled colonies Africans encouraged to fight white soldiers 32

AFRICA’S NEW ELITE Post-war class of elite Often influenced by education, other experiences abroad Jomu Kenyatta ( ), Kenyan nationalist Moved to create modern nation-states in Africa 34

MARCUS GARVEY Pan-Africanism promoted by Marcus Garvey (Jamaica, ) “Back to Africa”

DICTATORSHIPS IN LATIN AMERICA

OUTSIDE INFLUENCES European investors Copper – Peru Steel- Chile, Brazil Beef/wheat – Argentina United Fruit Company United States Panama canal Sponsored dictators Good neighbor policy Great Depression

MEXICO, & BRAZIL Mexico – upheaval National Revolutionary Party ’s Oligarchy Oil for “good neighbor” Brazil – Governed by dictator Getulio Vargas (far right) Forced industrialism 1946 Juan Peron became dictator

RISE OF MILITARY DICTATORSHIPS Only making things worse! Chile Spain Uganda

TO REVIEW… Totalitarianism Indian Independence Movement Power struggle in China Imperialist Japan New African Elites Back to Africa Movement Rise of Military Dictatorships