Health Science I Mrs. Atchison I Reproductive System Health Science I Mrs. Atchison I

Male Reproductive System

Structures of the male reproductive system Reproductive system of ducts Vas deferens Seminal vesicles- produces secretions that provide nutrients and protection to sperms upon ejaculation Ejaculatory duct 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Vas Deferens Runs from Epididymis to ejaculatory duct Seminal Vesicles connect to vas deferens, secretions nourish sperm Ejaculatory Duct- connect vas deferens with urethra – carries sperm out of testes

Structures of the male reproductive system Scrotum Sac of skin that contains the testes 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Structures of the male reproductive system Testes (two) Primary reproductive organ About the size of an egg Seminiferous tubules Each testis contains 1-4 minute, convoluted tubules Epididymis Coiled duct on the posterior and lateral part of the testes 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Structures of the male reproductive system Penis Erectile tissue Prepuce (foreskin) Covers the tip of the penis 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Contains erectile tissue Penis Contains erectile tissue End of penis covered by loose fitting skin- Foreskin Foreskin removed during circumcision

Testes and Epididymis Testes produce male gametes (spermatozoa) and male sex hormone- testosterone Found in pouch of skin called a scrotum Size of a small egg Made up of 250 lobules, each with coiled Seminiferous Tubules-where sperm develop They join to form the Epididymis where sperm are stored- they join at the ductus deferens (Vas Deferens)

Structures of the male reproductive system Sperm The male gamete Smallest cell in the human body. 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Structures of the male reproductive system Urethra Connects to reproductive system of ducts Passage way for urine and sperm Prostate gland Surrounds the distal of the urethra Bulbourethral glands Located on either side and below the prostate-pressure causes issues with urination 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Prostate Gland Surrounds beginning of urethra Size and shape of a chestnut Secretes a fluid that enhances sperm motility

Bulbourethral Glands Located on either side of prostate below prostate Add alkaline secretion to semen that helps sperm live longer

Erection and Ejaculation Urethra has dual role- excretion of urine and to expel semen Erection caused when erectile tissue fills with blood Ejaculation expels semen Impotence- unable to copulate

Question Which structure produces secretions that provide nutrients and protection to sperms upon ejaculation?  A.  Fallopian tubes  B.  Seminal vesicles  C.  Seminiferous tubules  D.  Vas deferens 

Answer Seminal vesicles

Question Which gland produces fluid that aids in the expulsion of semen and enhances the motility of sperm?  A.  Bulbourethral  B.  Ejaculatory  C.  Prostate  D.  Seminal 

Answer Prostate

Question Which 45 centimeter structure of the male reproductive system connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?  A.  Bulbourethral gland  B.  Prostate gland  C.  Seminal vesicles  D.  Vas deferens 

Answer Vas Deferens

Question Which structure of the male reproductive system stores sperm and connects to the testes?  A.  Epididymis  B.  Penis  C.  Scrotum  D.  Testicle

Answer Epididymis

Question Which structure of the male reproductive system surrounds the urethra at the neck of the bladder?  A.  Bulbourethral gland  B.  Prostate gland  C.  Seminal vesicles  D.  Thymus gland

Answer Prostate Gland

Question Which structure of the male reproductive system is shared between the urinary and reproductive systems? A.  Epididymis  B.  Testes  C.  Urethra  D.  Vas deferens 

Question Which structure(s) of the male reproductive system are pea-sized and inferior to the prostate?  A.  Bulbourethral glands  B.  Epididymis  C.  Seminal vesicles  D.  Urethra 

Answer Bulbourethral glands

Correct Flow of Sperm  What is the correct pathway for sperm from spermatogenesis to ejaculation? Answer Testes – Epididymis – Vas Deferens – Ejaculatory Duct – Urethra

Question During a vasectomy what structure is severed to produce sterility in the male? Answer??

Question If you are having difficulty urinating and the doctor says there may be a problem with one of the glands of the male reproductive system, which gland is he talking about? Answer??

FYI-Descent of the Testes do not copy In embryo, testes formed in the abdomen During last 3 months, migrate into scrotum Cryptorchidism- when testes don’t descend Rx- surgical procedure before puberty Scrotum- sac of skin that contains testes

Structures of the female reproductive system 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Ovaries Primary sex organs of the female In lower part of abdominal cavity About the size of an almond 2 functions: 1. produce ova 2. manufacture female sex hormones - estrogen Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs

Structures of the female reproductive system Ovary (female gonad) Located in the pelvic cavity About the size of an almond Each ovary contains thousands of microscopic sacs Ova Known as the female gamete or Graafian follicle The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Ovaries cont… A single follicle matures every 28 days- an ovum matures inside- during the reproductive years Reproductive ability begins at puberty- when menarche occurs (first menstrual period) When the ovum is mature in the follicle, it is released (ovulation) about 2 weeks before the menstrual period begins.

Structures of the female reproductive system Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes – XX Did you know??? What makes a person a girl instead of a boy??? 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Ovaries cont… After ovulation, the ovum travels down the fallopian tube Fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube, usually within 2 days of ovulation Following fertilization, the zygote implants in the uterus Development of follicle controlled by FSH, ovulation caused by LH

Structures of the female reproductive system Fallopian tube Also known as oviduct or uterine tube Approximately 4” long Not attached to the ovaries 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Fallopian Tubes 4” long- not attached to ovaries Pregnancy that implants in tube- Ectopic pregnancy Smooth muscle and cilia help propel ova into the uterus

Structures of the female reproductive system Uterus Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Uterus Hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, highly muscular organ. Lies behind the urinary bladder and in front of the rectum. Fundus- bulging upper part of the uterus, the body is the middle portion, and the Cervix is the narrow portion that extends into the vagina

Uterus cont… Uterine wall- 3 layers, outer layer is the visceral peritoneum, thick muscle layer is the myometrium, and the inner mucous layer is the endometrium

Structures of the female reproductive system External genitalia Vulva External organs of reproduction Labia Folds of skin that surround the vagina Labia majora Labia minora 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Vagina Smooth muscle with a mucous membrane lining External Female Genitalia Vulva- external organs of reproduction Labia- folds of skin that surround the vagina Perineum- area between vagina and rectum Episiotomy- incision in perineum to make more room for childbirth

Structures of the female reproductive system External genitalia Clitoris Erectile tissue Perineum Area between the vagina and rectum 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Structures of the female reproductive system Mammary glands (breasts) Consists of 15 or 20 lobes of granular and adipose tissue Areola Darkened area that surrounds the nipple 4.05 Remember the Structures of the Reproductive System

Breast (Mammary Glands) Accessory organs Areola- darkened area that surrounds the nipple Prolactin stimulates the mammary glands to secrete milk following childbirth A breast feeding mom’s left breast is red, tender, and edematous.She has Mastitis?

Mastitis

Menstrual Cycle Occurs every 28 days Divided into 4 stages Follicle Stage- FSH from pituitary-> ovary, stimulates follicle with ovum to mature-> releases estrogen and prepares uterine lining, lasts 10 days Ovulation Stage- pituitary stops FSH and releases LH, 14th day- follicle ruptures and mature ovum released

Menstrual Cycle cont… Corpus Luteum Stage- corpus luteum secrets progesterone. If ovum fertilized, corpus luteum continues secrete progesterone, which prevents further ovulation and maintains uterine lining, lasts 14 days Menstruation Stage- If no embryo, corpus luteum dissolves-> progesterone and uterine lining breaks down and is discharged, 3-6 days

Menopause Monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Can be induced early by removal of ovaries-oophorectomy Approximately age 50 Symptoms include: Hot flashes Dizziness and headaches Emotional changes

Question Menopause normally occurs between the ages of forty-five to fifty-five, but can be induced prematurely by which procedure?    A.  Hysterectomy  B.  Mastectomy  C.  Oophorectomy  D.  Tubal ligation

Question During this phase of the menstrual cycle LH, estrogen and FSH hormones circulate within a female’s body. This phase in the menstrual cycle is:    A.  follicular.  B.  ovulation.  C.  luteal.  D.  menstrual

Answer ovulation

Question During a course of antibiotics for a urinary tract infection, the patient began to experience vaginal itching, burning, and leukorrhea. The patient exhibited signs of a:    A.  fibroid tumor.  B.  pregnancy.  C.  salpingitis.  D.  yeast infection.

Conception and Pregnancy Germ cells (Gametes)- produced by gonads Female gonad=ovary Female gamete=ova Male gonad=testes Male gamete=sperm Female gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and single pair of sex chromosomes- XX Male gametes have 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex chromosomes- XY

Question Which structure of the female reproductive system serves as the narrow opening of the uterus that extends into the vagina? A.  Cervix  B.  Fundus  C.  Labia  D.  Vulva

Answer cervix

Question Which structure of the female reproductive system is composed of fat deposits that surround the entrance to the vagina?  A.  Cervix  B.  Clitoris  C.  Labia majora  D.  Perineum 

Answer Labia Majora

Question Which structure of the female reproductive system contains the ova?

Question Which function of the female reproductive system is demonstrated with menarche?  A.  Menopause  B.  Menstruation  C.  Ovulation  D.  Pregnancy

Question Her symptoms include abdominal tenderness, hypotension, respiratory distress, and renal failure. Which female reproductive disorder is she experiencing?  A.  Metorrhagia  B.  Polycystic ovarian syndrome  C.  Premenstrual syndrome  D.  Toxic shock syndrome

Question Which female reproductive disorder is characterized by abdominal pain, and excessive menstrual bleeding that can lead to permanent damage of the reproductive organs and sterility? A.  Amenorrhea  B.  Endometriosis  C.  Salpingitis  D.  Vaginitis 

Question She knows that fertilization normally takes place in the oviduct. Which structure functions in this manner? A.  Cervix  B.  Fallopian tubes  C.  Ovary  D.  Uterus 

Question Women that are sexually active should have an annual exam and screening for the early detection of cervical cancer. This screening is a: A.  colposcopy.  B.  laparoscopy.  C.  Pap smear.  D.  pelvimetry.

Fertilization During sexual intercourse sperm enter female reproductive tract and live for a day or two Approx. 100 million sperm in 1cc of semen- if count less than 20 million, man is sterile Eventually, one sperm penetrates and fertilizes the ovum True fertilization occurs when the sperm nucleus combines with the ovum nucleus to form a fertilized egg cell- Zygote

Fertilization cont.. The zygote has 46 chromosomes It divides, and those cells divide and so on Zygote continues to divide as it travels down fallopian tube and is implanted in wall of uterus At 7 days, the zygote becomes an embryo At 3 months, it becomes a fetus

Fertilization Cont. Pregnancy= prenatal period or gestation Normal Pregnancy= 40 weeks or 280 days also divided into three trimesters (9 months) Quickening= first recognizable movement of fetus between 4 and 5 months Miscarriage= Spontaneous Abortion

Question The two synthetic hormones that are used in oral contraceptive are:    A.  estrogen and progesterone.  B.  FSH and LH.  C.  insulin and glucagon.  D.  testosterone and androgen.

Question What term describes the discharge of an unfertilized ovum and degenerated endometrium from the female reproductive tract?    A.  Dysmenorrhea  B.  Leukorrhea  C.  Menorrhagia  D.  Menstruation

Disorders Male Epididymitis Erectile dysfunction Prostate disorders Benign prostatic hypertrophy Prostate cancer Testicular cancer

Male Reproductive Disorders BPH (BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY) ·Enlarged prostate ·More than half of men in their sixties and 90% of men in their seventies have some symptoms ·Prostate enlarges but capsule does not, causing prostate to clamp down on urethra. ·This causes the bladder to become irritable, causing urinary frequency – Sx dysuria & retention ·Diagnosis by rectal exam, ultrasound, and cystoscopy ·Rx – usually prostatectomy – laser surgery, sometimes no Rx

Disorders Female Cervical cancer 3. Endometriosis Pelvic inflammatory disease Toxic shock syndrome Yeast infections Menstrual cycle disorders Amenorrhea Dysmenorrhea Menorrhagia Premenstrual syndrome Breast disorders Breast cancer Mastitis

Female Reproductive Disorders CERVICAL CANCER ·  Detected by a PAP SMEAR (PAPANICOLAOU) -sample of cell scrapings taken for microscopic study ·  Should be done annually ·  Rx – early detection, hysterectomy, chemotherapy and radiation TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME · Bacterial infection caused by staphylococcus · Symps – fever, rash, hypotension · Cause – use of tampons · Rx – antibiotics

STDs and STIs Gonorrhea- the STI that presents with painful urination and a yellow discharge in males and may have no symptoms in females

Sexually Transmitted Diseases GENITAL HERPES ·Viral ·Burning sensation with small blisters on genitalia ·Symptoms disappear after 2 weeks but will continue to reappear throughout the lifetime of the individual ·Females – may need a c-section to prevent infection of newborn during childbirth

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chlamydia Caused by Chlamydia Trachomatous organism Most common curable STD in US Up to 80% of women and 25% of men have no symptoms Rx- antibiotics

Sexually Transmitted Diseases Genital Warts Human papillomavirus Wart is usually symptomatic, often not visible to the naked eye May look like small, hard, round spots resembling cauliflower Diagnosis by examination Rx- acid or cryosurgery (liquid nitrogen)