ASTR 1200 Announcements Website Second problem set due Lecture Notes going up on the website First.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 11: Characterizing Stars
Advertisements

ASTR 1200 Announcements Website HW #1 along back walkway Lecture Notes going up on the website First.
Radiation and Spectra Chapter 5
Electromagnetic Radiation (How we get most of our information about the cosmos) Examples of electromagnetic radiation: Light Infrared Ultraviolet Microwaves.
ASTRONOMY 161 Introduction to Solar System Astronomy Class 9.
Light Solar System Astronomy Chapter 4. Light & Matter Light tells us about matter Almost all the information we receive from space is in the form of.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Clicker Questions Chapter 10 Measuring the Stars.
ASTR100 (Spring 2008) Introduction to Astronomy Properties of Stars Prof. D.C. Richardson Sections
Deducing Temperatures and Luminosities of Stars (and other objects…)
A) gamma rays b) infrared c) sound d) visible light e) radio Which of these is NOT a form of electromagnetic radiation? Question 1.
February 7, 2006 Astronomy Chapter 16: Analyzing Starlight.
Deducing Temperatures and Luminosities of Stars (and other objects…)
Deducing Temperatures and Luminosities of Stars (and other objects…)
Properties of Stars. Distance Luminosity (intrinsic brightness) Temperature (at the surface) Radius Mass.
Assigned Reading Today’s assigned reading is: –Finish Chapter 7.
CHAPTER 28 STARS AND GALAXIES
Susan CartwrightOur Evolving Universe1 Atoms and Starlight n Why do the stars shine? l l planets shine by reflected sunlight—but what generates the Sun’s.
ASTR 1200 Announcements Website Second problem set due next Tuesday in class. Observatory Sessions.
Telescopes (continued). Basic Properties of Stars.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Blackbody Radiation & Atomic Spectra. “Light” – From gamma-rays to radio waves The vast majority of information we have about astronomical objects comes.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Stellar Parallax & Electromagnetic Radiation. Stellar Parallax Given p in arcseconds (”), use d=1/p to calculate the distance which will be in units “parsecs”
Guiding Questions 1. How fast does light travel? How can this speed be measured? 2. Why do we think light is a wave? What kind of wave is it? 3. How is.
Analyzing Starlight 1)Blackbody radiation 2)Properties of Stars 3)Measuring the Properties of Stars 4)H-R diagram October 16, 2002.
Astronomy Chapter 4 Review Game
Surveying the Stars Insert TCP 5e Chapter 15 Opener.
ASTR 1200 Announcements Website Exam #1 in class, next Tuesday, October 7 Have posted review sheet.
The SUN.
Donna Kubik PHYS162 Fall, Because of its electric and magnetic properties, light is called electromagnetic radiation. It consists of perpendicular,
Lecture 9 Stellar Spectra
Properties of Stars.
Please start all class related s with “214:”
Chapter 11 Surveying the Stars Properties of Stars Our Goals for Learning How luminous are stars? How hot are stars? How massive are stars?
Astronomical distances The SI unit for length, the metre, is a very small unit to measure astronomical distances. There units usually used is astronomy:
5-1 How we measure the speed of light 5-2 How we know that light is an electromagnetic wave 5-3 How an object’s temperature is related to the radiation.
READING Unit 22, Unit 23, Unit 24, Unit 25. Homework 4 Unit 19, problem 5, problem 7 Unit 20, problem 6, problem 9 Unit 21, problem 9 Unit 22, problem.
Our Universe Billions of galaxies made up of billions of stars.
Light 1)Exam Review 2)Introduction 3)Light Waves 4)Atoms 5)Light Sources October 14, 2002.
Stars up to Chapter 9.3, page 194 “The stars are distant and unobtrusive, but bright and enduring as our fairest and most memorable experiences.” Henry.
Electromagnetic Radiation (How we get information about the cosmos) Examples of electromagnetic radiation? Light Infrared Ultraviolet Microwaves AM radio.
ASTR 1200 Announcements Exam #1 in class, next Tuesday, October 7
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outline Chapter 2 Light and Matter.
ASTR 1200 Announcements Website Exams are at the back. Please pick up. Still have a calculator left.
Light is a Particle Physics 12.
Electromagnetic Radiation, Atomic Structure & Spectra.
“I always wanted to be somebody, but I should have been more specific.” Lilly Tomlin Any late HW2 are due before class on Wednesday. HW2 solutions posted.
Properties of Stars. "There are countless suns and countless earths all rotating around their suns in exactly the same way as the seven planets of our.
Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College1. Charles Hakes Fort Lewis College2 Chapter 10 Measuring the Stars.
Chapter 2 Read Pages 7-17 Continuous Radiation from Stars.
Astronomy Basic Properties of Stars. Kirchhoff’s Three Kinds of Spectra.
Light and The Electromagnetic Spectrum Why do we have to study “light”?... Because almost everything in astronomy is known because of light (or some.
The Solar System Lesson2 Q & A
ASTR 1040 – September 28 { } O B A F G K M . Second Homework Due Today
Electromagnetic Radiation
ASTR 1020 – January 28 Second Homework Due Thursday (Feb 9)
ASTR 1040 – September 21 Second Homework Due next Thursday 28th
Electromagnetic Radiation (Light)
Astronomy-Part 3 Notes Characteristics of Stars
ASTR 1040 – September 19 Second Homework Due Thursday September 28
Chapter 15 Surveying the Stars
Astronomy-Part 3 Notes Characteristics of Stars
Stars and Galaxies Lesson2 Q & A
ASTR 1040 First Homework Due Today Next Observatory opportunity 9/26
Light and The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Light and The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Basic Properties of Stars
ASTR 1020 – February 9 . Second Homework Due Today
ASTR 1020 – February 16 { } O B A F G K M .
Electromagnetic Radiation
Presentation transcript:

ASTR 1200 Announcements Website Second problem set due Lecture Notes going up on the website First Exam October 7

Summary: Sun as a Star Formed from cloud 4.6x10 9 years ago Collapsed to present size –stabilized by nuclear reactions Emits 4x10 26 W Runs on proton-proton chain and CNO cycle Now 20% brighter Turbulent upper envelope Magnetic Fields from Differential Rotation Sunspots, Corona, Solar Wind Activity Cycle 11 years

Stars are grouped in Galaxies Sun and all the stars we see are part of Milky Way Galaxy We all orbit a common center Sun is 3x10 20 m from center of MW You are here Each star orbits center Disk Stability Again

The Light Year Light Travels at 300,000km/s (186,000miles/s = 3x10 8 m/s) That’s one foot per nanosecond One Year is 3.15x10 7 seconds long In one year light travels 3.15x10 7 x3x10 8 = m This is the definition of a light year. Prox Cen is at 4ly.

The Parsec Astronomers use the parsec as a measure of distance 1pc = 3ly 1pc = 3x10 16 m Origin of parsec comes from method of measuring distance

Each Star Orbits the Center

How Long does that Take? Takes about a hundred million years to circumnavigate the galaxy

Star Names Arabic Names –Antares, Capella, Mira, etc. Constellations  Orionis,  Cygni, … then 49 Ori, 50 Ori, etc. Catalogues HD80591, SAO , etc RA and Dec – just position in the sky

Proper Motion All stars move Nearby stars move faster Appear to move against fixed field Can Take Many Years Use Old Photographic Plates

Parallax I year cycle

The Parsec 1AU 1 parsec 1 arcsecond 360 degrees in circle 60 arcminutes per degree 60 arcseconds per arcminute 200,000AU = 1 parsec = 3x10 16 m parsec ---- parallax second

Brightness Around the sky stars vary in brightness and in color. Brightness is the result of two factors 1. Intrinsic Luminosity 2. Distance Each Sphere has area A=4pd 2 Star Emits N photons per second Brightness is d photons/m 2 /s

Brightness (2) Brightness e.g Watts/m 2 Simple and easy to understand If your eye is m 2, then it collects W 4 stars at W/m 2 together have 4x W/m 2 But this would be too easy for astronomers. We use a brightness system invented by Ptolemy in the 400’s

The Magnitude System Ptolemy Broke Stars into 5 magnitude groups m=1 the brightest, m=5 the faintest In 1700’s it was found this was a logarithmic scale, as that is how the naked eye responds. Also, faintest were about 100x fainter than brightest. Break the factor of 100 into 5 equal factors: Start with Vegam=1 Polaris 2.51x fainter m=2 2.5x fainter than Polaris m=3 2.5x fainter than that m=4 etc

Magnitudes (2) Every 5 magnitudes is a factor of 100 m=5 is 100 times fainter than m=0 m=10 is 100x100 =10,000 times fainter than m=0 m=15 is (100) 3 = 1million times fainter than m=0 Works only in the visible. Really inconvenient in modern astronomy because we observe across the spectrum from radio to gamma rays. Sunm=-26.5 Full Moonm=-13 Venusm=-4 Siriusm=-1.5 Vegam=1 Polarism=2 Faintest Visiblem=6 Faintest Detectedm=28

Absolute Magnitude We see a star of magnitude m=10 at 100 pc. What would be its magnitude (M) if it were at 10 pc instead of 100pc? The magnitude a star would have were it at 10pc At 10 times closer the star would be 100x brighter = 5 magnitudes M = 10-5 = 5

Clicker A 5 magnitude difference means a factor of 100 in flux. By what factor do the fluxes differ between two stars of 20 magnitudes difference? a)2.51 b)20 c)400 d)10,000 e)100,000,000

Answer 5magnitudes difference is a factor of 100. By what factor do the fluxes differ between two stars of 20 magnitudes difference a)2.51 b)20 c)400 d)10,000 e)100,000, magnitudes is four factors of 10 2, which is 10 8

Nature of Light Light is a flux of particles called photons Each photon is both a particle and a wave (a packet of waves) 250 years after Newton we still don’t understand it Electromagnetic Theory (Maxwell’s Equations) 1860’s Quantum Electrodynamics 1948 Feynman Each photon has: direction wavelength polarization

Light Waves lambda is lower case Greek “L” stands for length Each photon is a sine wave moving at the speed of light Wavelength is usually measure in Angstroms 1Å = cm = m about the diameter of an atom. And 10Å = 1 nm Electric and Magnetic Fields Sloshing Back And Forth

Color Wavelength Determines Color of Light Color is the eye’s response to different wavelengths Color is a physiological effect A photon can have any wavelength RED7000Å YELLOW5500Å VIOLET4000Å

Electromagnetic Spectrum visible is tiny chunk of em spectrum

Parts of EM Spectrum Radio  > 1mm (10 7 A) Infrared1 mm > > 10000A Visible10,000A > > 3500A Ultraviolet3500A > > 100A X-ray100A > > 0.1A Gamma-ray0.1A >

Clicker What range of wavelength can the average human eye see and what color is each side of the spectrum? A) 400nm-800nm, redder to bluer B) 500nm-700nm, bluer to redder C) 400nm-700nm, bluer to redder D) 300nm-600nm, redder to bluer E) None of the above

Answer What range of wavelength can the average human eye see and what color is each side of the spectrum? A) 400nm-800nm, redder to bluer B) 500nm-700nm, bluer to redder C) 400nm-700nm, bluer to redder D) 300nm-600nm, redder to bluer E) None of the above Answer: C

Speed of Light Speed of Light c = 3x10 8 m/s That’s a very odd statement 1 car at 130mph 2 cars at 65mph Cover same distance in same amount of time The Relative speeds are the same

Relativity.8c Clearly Approaching each other at 1.6c NO!!! per Einstein v always less than c if velocities << c, then v=v 1 +v 2 (Concept of time and space changes)

Frequency Moves during each cycle Frequency is the number of cycles per second, Greek “nu” Moves distance  for each of cycles each second

Frequency (2) 300MHz = 1m wavelength Yellow Light = 600 trillion Herz

Question An x-ray has a wavelength of 100Å (10nm, 1x10 -8 m). What is it's frequency, in cycles per second? (aka Hertz) A. 3x10 16 B. 1.5x10 16 C. 3x10 13 D. 1.5x10 13

Question An x-ray has a wavelength of 100Å (10nm, 1x10 -8 m). What is it's frequency, in cycles per second? (aka Hertz) A. 3x10 16 B. 1.5x10 16 C. 3x10 13 D. 1.5x10 13 Answer: A. (3E8m/s)/(1E-8m)=3E16 Hz

Energy of a Photon h = 6.63x J s Planck’s Constant energy of yellow photon Sunlight is 10 4 W/m 2 Outside we have photons/m 2 /s hit us

Question How many times more energy is there in an x-ray photon at 100A than the infrared light photons emitted by every living human? (Assuming 10,000nm wavelength of infrared light). A. Ten times as powerful. B. A hundred times more powerful. C. A thousand times more powerful. D. 1x10 12 (a trillion) times more powerful. E. 1x10 15 (a quadrillion) times more powerful.

Question How many times more energy is there in an x-ray photon at 100A than the infrared light photons emitted by every living human? (Assuming 10,000nm wavelength of infrared light). A. Ten times as powerful. B. A hundred times more powerful. C. A thousand times more powerful. D. 1x10 12 (a trillion) times more powerful. E. 1x10 15 (a quadrillion) times more powerful. Answer: C. 10,000nm/10nm = 1000

Spectroscopy Spectrum is plot of number of photons as a function of wavelength Tells us huge amounts about nature of object emitting light.

Thermal Radiation Planck’s Law Temperature Determines Where Spectrum Peaks Position of Peak Determines Color

Blue is Hotter than Red Optically Thick, But hot Sunalmost “white hot” Burner“red hot” Desk“black hot” Ice Cube “black hot”

Question A star with a temperature of 100,000K has what color to the naked eye? a)White b)Yellow c)Orange d)Red

Wien’s Law As T rises, drops Bluer with temperature Å (T in Kelvin) 300K100,000AEarth Sun X-ray source

Question How many times smaller would the peak wavelength be for a star twice as hot as the Sun? (Remember the sun is 5500K) A. Twice as long B. Half as long C. Four times as long D. A fourth as long

Question How many times smaller would the peak wavelength be for a star twice as hot as the Sun? (Remember the sun is 5500K) A. Twice as long B. Half as long C. Four times as long D. A fourth as long Answer: B. Since peak wavelength is a function of the inverse of temperature, doubling the temp of a star would cause it's peak wavelength to cut in half.

Stefan-Boltzman Law  = 5.67x10 -8 W/m 2 /K 4 A is area in m 2 T in Kelvins Example: The Sun L = 5.7x10 -8 x 4 x 3.14 x (7x10 8 m) 2 x (5500K) 4 = 4 x W 4x10 26 Watts = 100 billion billion MegaWatts!!

Question If you were to double the temperature of the Sun without changing its radius, by what factor would its luminosity rise? a)2 b)4 c)8 d)16 e)32

Question If you were to double the temperature of the Sun without changing its radius, by what factor would its luminosity rise? a)2 b)4 c)8 d)16 = 2 4 e)32

Emission Lines Electron Drops Photon Escapes Can Only Happen Between Certain Pre-determined orbitals Each Element Has Different Orbitals So Each Element Has Different Lines Spectrum of Hydrogen Energy Levels of H

Absorption Lines Light moving through cold gas can have photons removed. Creates dark wavelengths called absorption lines

Question A star is viewed through a far away hydrogen gas cloud, what kind of spectrum can we expect to see? A) Absorption only B) Emission only C) Continuum only D) Emission and Continuum E) Absorption and Continuum

Question A star is viewed through a far away hydrogen gas cloud, what kind of spectrum can we expect to see? A) Absorption only B) Emission only C) Continuum only D) Emission and Continuum E) Absorption and Continuum

Stars Come in Different Colors

Stellar Temperature Stars come in different sizes and temperatures. Can the two be linked?

Question You see three stars up in the sky. One is bigger than the others and red, one is yellow, and one is white. Which one peaks at a higher frequency? A)Red B)Yellow C)White D)I need to know how far away they are

Question You see three stars up in the sky. One is bigger than the others and red, one is yellow, and one is white. Which one peaks at a higher frequency? A)Red B)Yellow C)White D)I need to know how far away they are

Stellar Classification Full range of surface temperatures from 2000 to 40,000K Spectral Classification is Based on Surface Temperature O B A F G K M Oh Be A Fine Gal Guy Kiss Me Each Letter has ten subdivisions from 0 to 9 0 is hottest, 9 is coolest Coolest Hottest { }

The Spectral Types O Stars of Orion's Belt >30,000 K Lines of ionized helium, weak hydrogen lines <97 nm (ultraviolet)* BRigel 30,000 K- 10,000 K Lines of neutral helium, moderate hydrogen lines nm (ultraviolet)* ASirius 10,000 K-7,500 K Very strong hydrogen lines nm (violet)* FPolaris 7,500 K- 6,000 K Moderate hydrogen lines, moderate lines of ionized calcium nm (blue)* G Sun, Alpha Centauri A 6,000 K- 5,000 K Weak hydrogen lines, strong lines of ionized calcium nm (yellow) KArcturus 5,000 K- 3,500 K Lines of neutral and singly ionized metals, some molecules nm (red) M Betelgeuse, Proxima Centauri <3,500 K Molecular lines strong >830 nm (infrared) *All stars above 6,000 K look more or less white to the human eye because they emit plenty of radiation at all visible wavelengths.

Stellar Classification (2) SunG2  CenG2 + K5 SiriusA1 AntaresM1 RigelB8 O540,000K B515,500 A58500 F56580 G55520 K54130 M52800 Letters are odd due to confusion in sorting out temperature scale between 1900 and 1920