Rev Human Physiology and Alcohol

Rev Physiology of Alcohol The biological science of essential & characteristic life processes, activities & functions Endogenous Alcohol Absorption Distribution Elimination

Rev Physiology Overview Endogenous alcohol production Absorption Distribution Elimination metabolism excretion

Rev Routes of Alcohol Inhalation Injection Absorption Insertion Ingestion

Rev Gastrointestinal Tract Absorption Mouth 5 % Stomach 25% Small Intestine 70%

Absorption and Distribution

Rev Absorption Process Passive process Migrate from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration Migrates as unchanged molecule Across cell membranes Enters blood supply- circulatory system to affect body

Rev x x x x x x x x Gastric Blood Stream Cell Membrane High Conc Low Conc Migration of ETOH

Rev Distribution Alcohol distributed throughout body by circulatory system blood supply Some organs receive more volume blood than others some organs and body parts have more water content than others

Rev A person with a B r AC of 0.100… Urine1.35% Brain1.17% Blood Plasma1.16% Saliva1.12% Liver0.91% Fat Tissue0.02% Distribution

Rev ETOH Distribution Pathways Representation of Ethyl Alcohol Distribution Pathways

Male vs Female Each man consumes One fluid ounce Of Ethyl Alcohol 200# Male = 136% water 100# Male = 68% water 200# man must consume twice as much as the 100# man to attain the same alcohol concentration 100# male = 68% water100# female = 55% water ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 100 # male must consume more alcohol than the 100# female to attain the same alcohol concentration More alcohol per pound of water in 100# male than 200# male More alcohol per pound of water in 100# female than 100# male

Rev Elimination (Part 1) Metabolism Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme ADH Produced by liver Oxidizes or burns alcohol molecule 95-98% alcohol in body is metabolized Rate of 1 drink per hour, about ?? BrAC how long to reach BrAC ??

Rev Elimination (Part2) Direct Excretion –Alcohol directly excreted or passed out of body by: Urine Sweat tears saliva

Rev When drinking rate exceeds elimination rate, the brain becomes sedated Alcohol In / Out

Rev Widmark Formula Eric Widmark Swedish scientist Formula or Graph describes BAC level Describes different phases how many drinks in body at the time of the test Dose related concept Body weight %BAC x Body Weight x 0.33 = # of drinks

ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF 80 PROOF LIQUOR NEEDED TO REACH GIVEN LEVELS OF ALCOHOL IN THE BLOOD

Rev Widmark Graph Three parts of blood alcohol curve –absorptive phase –peak phase –elimination phase

Rev Time Peak Elimination Phase Absorption Phase General Alcohol Concentration Curve Alcohol Concentration

Rev Factors affecting Widmark curve Food in the stomach Amount or number of drinks consumed Body weight Time

Rev Elimination Rate* 7 PM8 PM9 PM10 PM11 PM12 AM1 AM2 AM3 AM4 AM5 AM6 AM7 AM AbsorptionElimination * 150 LBS person drinking on an empty stomach Hours Stops Drinking Legally Intoxicated Legally Impaired

Rev Time EMPTY STOMACH FULL STOMACH Ethanol Absorption: Effect of Food in the Stomach Alcohol Concentration

Rev Dose Related 10 DRINKS 5 DRINKS TIME Alcohol Concentration

Rev LBS 220 LBS TIME Body Weight Alcohol Concentration

Rev DRINKS ONE HOUR 10 DRINKS TEN HOURS TIME Time Related Alcohol Concentration

Rev Time Arrest Test Alcohol Concentration Alcohol Concentration LOWER at the Time of Test than at Time of Arrest

Rev Time ArrestTest Alcohol Concentration Alcohol Concentration THE SAME at the Time of Test and Arrest

Rev Arrest Test Alcohol Concentration Time Alcohol Concentration HIGHER at the Time of Test than Time of Arrest

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PHARMACOLOGY OF ALCOHOL EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL ON THE HUMAN BODY

Rev EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DEPRESSANT - NOT A STIMULANT DOSE RELATED more drinks,greater influence, increased impairment AFFECTS CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain

Myths vs Facts alcohol It is a Stimulant It has Nutrients It increases Mental and Physical ability In given amounts alcohol affects individuals in the same way There are ways to sober up quickly Any amount will cause bodily damage It is a Depressant It has Calories It decreases Mental and Physical ability In given amounts alcohol affects individuals in different ways Time is the only way to sober up It will cause bodily damage if consumed in excess

Greek & Roman Banquets

First Description of Effects of Wine by Eubulus HealthRevel PleasureBlack Eyes SleepTo Policemen ViolenceBiliousness UproarHurling Furniture

Rev EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL VISIBLE SIGNS VS INVISIBLE SIGNS

Rev Sequence of Mental Growth 1 Vital Functions 3 2 Muscle Control 2 3 Higher Learning 1 Center Progression of Ethanol’s Sedative Effects Ethanol and Your Brain Higher Learning Vital Functions Muscle Control

Stages of Intoxication BeginsEnds Sobriety Euphoria Excitement Confusion Stupor Coma Death

Rev VISABLE SIGNS Confusion Sleepiness Disorderly/sloppy appearance Slurred, thick tongued speech Nausea Red, flushed face Glassy, watery eyes, staring

Rev Relative Probability %BAC Relative Probability of Causing an Accident The Role of Alcohol in Traffic Accidents ( The Grand Rapids Study)

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Rev Physiology of Respiration Vital Processes Function of Respiration Mechanism of Respiration Alveolar Sac Henry’s Law

Rev Blood Gas Exchange C 2 H 5 OH Lung Space Exchange of ETOH Between Blood & Breath in the Alveolar Sacs of the Lungs

Rev Air In /Air Out Y 0

Rev Henry’s Law:The vapor pressure that a gas exerts above a liquid is directly proportional to the weight of the gas dissolved in the liquid at 34° C. Chemical principle partitioning ratio between gas and liquid phase occurs at equilibrium balance, no net change occurs at 34 o C occurs in a breath sample

Rev Henry’s Law Simulator at 34ºC alcohol and water mixture 1 to 2100 ratio for alcohol Similar to breath sample Higher temp = higher reading lower temp = lower reading

Rev Liquid to Vapor x xx x x x x xx x x x x x x xxx xxx xxx Head Space – Measure alcohol in air Measure liquid or alcohol in water using a 1/2100 proportion ºC equilibrium is reached between liquid and vapor 210L 100ml x 2100 molecules 1 molecule x x x x xx x

Rev Alcohol in SolutionAlcohol in Vapor 2100 molecules1 molecule 4200 molecules2 molecules 6300 molecules3 molecules 8400 molecules4 molecules molecules5 molecules molecules10 molecules Henry’s Law

Rev The alcohol breath test based on Henrys Law Breath sample is “End Expiratory Air” from lungs Partitioning ratio is 1 to 2100 Breath has 1/ 2100th as much alcohol as found in blood Blood has 2100 times as much alcohol as breath Henry’s Law

Rev Grams of alcohol per BrAC = 210 liters breath BAC = 100 mls of blood Reported as Weight per Volume grams alcohol /210 liters breath grams alcohol / 100 milliliters blood Henry’s Law

Rev Advantages of Breath Testing Immediate Results Lower Cost Non Invasive Procedure No Medical Personnel Needed Not Possible for Operator to Alter Results Fewer Witnesses for Court

Rev I ntoxilyzer BrAC = BAC The ultimate proof that the Intoxilyzer is an accurate scientific instrument comes from research which shows that simultaneous Blood & Breath tests had similar results. This type of research is also conducted using a simulator with a known alcohol content. This is the method used for checking the calibration of Intoxilyzers in Colorado. Ultimate Proof

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